DO NOW 9.13.2011

1. DO NOW9.13.2011 • Pick up your Unit 1 Guided Notes from the back of the room. • WRITE YOUR NAME ON THEM, PLEASE!

2. Unit 1: History & Approaches AP Psychology Ms. Desgrosellier 9.13.2011

3. Roots of Psychology • roots of psychology: philosophy and biology (physiology)

4. ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY • Dualism: the philosophy that the mind and the body are two different things that interact. • e.g. Physiologist Hippocrates thought the mind or soul resided in the brain, but was not composed of physical substance.

5. ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY • e.g. Philosopher Plato (~ 350 BC) also believed in dualism, and used self-examination of inner ideas and experiences to conclude that who we are and what we know are innate (inborn). • e.g. In ~ 1650, René Descartes studied monism and came up with the saying “I think, therefore I am.”

6. ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY • Monism: the mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. • e.g. The philosopher Aristotle believed that the mind/soul results from our anatomy and physiological processes, that reality is best studied by observation, and that who we are and what we know are acquired from experience.

7. ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY • e.g. Empirical philosopher John Locke believed that mind and body interact symmetrically, knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge (tabula rasa “a blank slate”).

8. ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY • The debate about whether our behavior is inborn or learned through experience is called the nature-nurture controversy.

9. ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY • Nature = inborn = genetic • Nuture =experience = environmental

10. SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY • By the 1800s, psychology was beginning to emerge as a separate scientific discipline. • Charles Darwin applied the law of natural selection to human beings, forwarding the idea that human behavior and thinking are subject to scientific inquiry.

11. SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY • Physiologists Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner showed how physical events are related to sensation and perception. • Hermann von Helmholtz measured the speed at which nerve impulses travel.

12. Structuralism • Wilhelm Wundt set up the first psychological laboratory in Germany in 1879. • He was measuring the difference between when people heard a sound occur versus when they consciously aware they had perceived the sound (one-tenth of a second difference).

13. Structuralism • G. Stanley Hall set up a psychology lab at Johns Hopkins University employing introspection, helped found the American Psychological Association, and became its first president.

14. Structuralism • Edward Titchener founded the field of Structuralism. • Used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.

15. Structuralism • Margaret Floy Washburn was Titchener’s first graduate student and the first woman to complete her Ph. D. in psychology.

16. Functionalism • William James, the “father” of functionalism, was interested in the function or purpose of behavioral acts. • Other big names: James Cattell and John Dewey.

17. Functionalism • The so-called School of Functionalism studied mental testing, child development, and educational practices. • They wanted to apply psychological findings to practical situations and the function of mental operations in adapting to the environment.

18. Functionalism • Mary Whiton Calkins, who studied psychology under James at Harvard, was denied her Ph. D. • Became the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.

19. Other Famous Firsts • In 1920, Francis C. Sumner became the first African-American to receive a Ph. D. in Psychology.

20. Other Famous Firsts • In 1933, Inez Beverly Prosser became the first African-American woman to receive a Ph. D. in Psychology. • Prosser argued in her dissertation that "racial injustices and feelings of isolation have damaging effects on the psyche of Black children."

21. Other Famous Firsts • 1953 – Carlos Albizu Miranda became one of the first Latinos to earn a Ph. D. in Psychology in the United States.

22. Other Famous Firsts • 1962 - Martha Bernal: First Latina to earn a PhD in psychology, in clinical psychology from Indiana University Bloomington.

23. PRINCIPAL APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY

24. Behavioral Approach • behavioral approach: focuses on measuring and recording observable behavior in relation to the environment. • Behaviorists think behavior results from learning. • Dominated psychology from the 1920s to the 1960s.

25. Behavioral Approach • They analyze the ABCs of behavior: • A: Antecedent environmental conditions that precede a behavior • B: Behavior (the action to understand, predict, and/or control) • C: Consequences that follow the behavior (its effects on the environment)

26. Behavioral Approach • Behaviorists reject the study of consciousness/mental processes because they cannot be observed and verified or disproved.

27. Behavioral Approach • Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist who trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a tone, demonstrating stimulus-response learning. • John B. Watson: worked with classical conditioning, and is famous for the “Little Albert” experiment.

28. Behavioral Approach • B. F. Skinner: worked mainly with laboratory rats and pigeons, demonstrating that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive consequences and not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative consequences. • E. L. Thorndike: a behaviorist that took the position that behavior is determined mainly by environment and experience rather than by genetic inheritance.

29. DO NOW9.14.2011 • What are the two roots of psychology? • In your own words, briefly summarize the nature-nurture controversy.

30. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Approach • Sigmund Freud: “father” of the psychoanalytic theory. • He focused on unconscious internal conflicts to explain mental disorders, personality, and motivation. • He thought the unconscious is the source of desires, thoughts, and memories below the surface of conscious awareness, and that early life experiences are important to personality development.

31. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Approach • Followers of Freud broke off and formed a new branch of psychology, called the psychodynamic approach. • Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney • They each took psychoanalysis and then changed a part.

32. Humanistic Approach • Started in the middle of the 20th century by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. • They thought that the unique qualities of free will and potential for personal growth guide behavior and mental processes.

33. Humanistic Approach • Humanists emphasize the importance of people’s feelings and view human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking. • They use interview techniques and believe that people have the ability to solve their own problems.

34. DO NOW: • In your own words, describe ONE of the following fields of psychology and list on major theorist for each. • structuralism • functionalism • behaviorism • psychoanalysis/psychodynamic

35. Biological Approach • Also known as Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, and Biopsychology. • Around the same time as Humanism began taking off, research on the physiological bases of behavior grew.

36. Biological Approach • Technological advances allowed biologists to examine how complex chemical and biological processes within the nervous and endocrine systems are related to behavior. • Many biological psychologists think that the mind is what the brain does.

37. Evolutionary Approach • An offshoot of the biological approach. • Based on Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection. • Behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected because they increase reproductive stress.

38. Cognitive Approach • the study of consciousness, or thinking and memory. • Cognition emphasizes the importance of the following to understand human behavior: • receiving, storing, and processing information (memory). • thinking and reasoning • language

39. Cognitive Approach • Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in children, laying part of the foundation for preschool and primary educational approaches.

40. Sociocultural Approach • Started in the second half of the 20th century. • Studies social and environmental factors that influence cultural differences in behavior • It studies cultural differences in an attempt to understand, predict, and control behavior.

41. Eclectic Approach • No single theoretical approach explains all aspects of behavior, although all provide a framework for studying and understanding behavior. • Most modern psychologists adopt ideas from multiple perspectives. • eclectic: psychologists who use techniques and adopt ideas from a variety of approaches.

42. PROFESSIONS & CAREERS • Scientific psychology developed in universities with research laboratories where basic research was conducted, and where experimental psychologists continue to add knowledge to the field. • After WWII, many opportunities for applied psychologists developed outside of these institutions. • Job opportunities grew, and the field became more fragmented and specialized.

43. PROFESSIONS & CAREERS • Examples: • clinical psychologists: evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. • Counseling psychologists: help people adapt to change to make changes in their lifestyle.

44. PROFESSIONS & CAREERS • Developmental psychologists: study psychological development throughout the lifespan. • Educational psychologists: focus on how effective teaching and learning take place.

45. PROFESSIONS & CAREERS • Engineering psychologists: and human factors psychologists promote the development and application of psychology to improve technology, consumer products, energy systems, communication and information, transportation, decision making, work settings, and living environments.

46. PROFESSIONS & CAREERS • Forensic psychologists: apply psychological principles to legal issues. • Health psychologists: concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors involved in health and illness.

47. PROFESSIONS & CAREERS • Industrial/Organizational psychologists: aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace.

48. PROFESSIONS & CAREERS • Neuropsychologists: explore the relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior. Neuropsychologists are also called biological psychologists of biopsychologists, behavioral geneticists, physiological psychologists, and behavioral neuroscientists.

49. DO NOW: • In your own words, describe one of the following fields of psychology and list on major theorist for each, if given in class or text. • Humanistic • Biological • Evolutionary • Cognitive • Sociocultural • Eclectic

50. PROFESSIONS & CAREERS • Personality psychologists: focus on aspects of the individual such as traits, attitudes, and goals. • Psychometricians: sometimes called psychometric psychologists or measurement psychologists, focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data.