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Human Development

Human Development. LI:- to understand the influence of genetics and environment on human development. Human Development - Behaviour. Pro-social behaviour Cooperation Working together Helping and caring behaviours In children this includes sharing, taking turns, responding to the

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Human Development

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  1. Human Development LI:- to understand the influence of genetics and environment on human development

  2. Human Development - Behaviour • Pro-social behaviour • Cooperation • Working together • Helping and caring behaviours • In children this includes sharing, • taking turns, responding to the • needs of others • Anti-social Behaviour • Difficulty in getting on with others • Aggressive & disruptive • In children this includes hitting, • bullying, teasing, verbal abuse. • hostile • non-cooperative

  3. Human Development – Gender What differences are there between girls and boys behaviour? What stereotypes are there of Female/male behaviour & appearance? What makes boys and girls behave differently?

  4. More risk taking More aggressive More physical Rough & tumble play Better mathematical Skills & spatial ability (map reading!) Higher verbal ability Higher spelling conversational ability. Less Physical ‘Caring’ less aggressive. Gender Differences

  5. Gender differences • Clear Biological differences • Occupational choice differs • Playtime differs in children • To what extent do media stereotypes affect the development of gender? • To what extent do parenting styles affect the development of gender?

  6. Human Development - Personality • A unique set of characteristics • Relatively stable over time • What factors affect how our personality is shaped?

  7. What factors influence human Development?

  8. Genetics Environment Factors that affect development

  9. Genetics www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/genes/41.asp

  10. Genetics • Family traits, physical appearance, similarities, height, hair colour, eye colour

  11. Genotype • The genetic pattern an • individual inherits. • Every human has 23 pairs of • chromosomes, half inherited • from the mother and half from the • Father. These combine to form • a UNIQUE gene pattern known as • your GENOTYPE.

  12. Genes alone do not predict development…. Mental illness & Environment Cognitive Development & Deprivation Obesity & Envirnoment

  13. PHENOTYPE The outcome of the interaction between GENES and the ENVIRONMENT Experienced is known as our PHENOTYPE

  14. Genetic patterned behaviour – behaviours we are born with.

  15. Genetic patterned behaviour….. Attachment in humans, Imprinting in animals – both behaviours promote survival

  16. Konrad Lorenz (1952) • Demonstrated that animal’s don’t hatch with an image of their parents. • He took a clutch of gosling eggs and divided them into 2 groups. • Group1 stayed with their mother. • Group 2 were placed in a incubator, and the first moving thing they say was Lorenz. • The followed him around as if he was their mother. • They had imprinted on him. • He tested this idea by using various objects including a rubber glove. • Imprinting is important for survival as the parents offers protection and food for the infant initially.

  17. How does this apply to humans? • Humans do not imprint… we become attached. “ Attachment is an emotional bond between two people. It is a two way process and endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant”

  18. MATURATION – a timetable of development built into a person’s genotype • Walking • Language • Puberty These are all UNIVERSAL and happen at roughly the same time. Variation in timings may be due to environmental influences e.g. nutrition.

  19. Human Development - Language Non verbal stage (babbling) Single word stage 2/3 word sentences Using grammar (adding ‘s’ for plural) More complex speech Ability to read and write

  20. Environmental Factors • What environmental factors affect development?

  21. Environmental Factors • Income • Housing • Nutrition • Education • Access to health facilities • TASK: Using the text book/internet resources, put together a presentation/report/leaflet, describing the environmental affect the above factors have on human development.

  22. Environmental Factors • Parenting Styles • Play Opportunities

  23. Parenting Styles • http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/DLiT/2002/family/parent.htm

  24. Parent Influence • Behaviour • Attachment • Gender roles • Language

  25. Parenting Styles (Sears 1957 p.34) Sears aimed to investigate if there was a relationship between parenting style and aggressive behaviour in children. YOUR TASK: Write a report with the title ‘Parenting Styles’, address each of the following areas in your report: • What 3 styles were identified, describe each of them. • What were their findings for each style? • What limitations were there in this research? • Summarise the follow up study by Baumrind.

  26. COLD CHILD HAS LIITLE CHOICE UNAFFECTIONATE STRICT RULES FREQUENT PUNISHMENT Authoritarian Style

  27. Emotionally Warm Encourages Self-reliance Frequent guidance Explains rules Punishes serious wrong-doings Shares decision making Democratic Style

  28. Little guidance Emotionally warm Does not apply rules or allows the child to do what he/she wants Inconsistent PERMISSIVE STYLE

  29. Parenting styles – ‘Things to consider’ worksheet.

  30. Factors affecting Human Development Summary Access to Health Services Genetics Education Sense of ‘self’ Income Interaction with others Nutrition (pre & post- natal) Parenting Styles Housing

  31. Summary • Because someone is born into a low income environment, does NOT mean they will grow up to be poor & disadvantaged. • It is important to understand that a person’s sense of ‘SELF’ influences their development and the CHOICES they make gives them more CONTROL over their environment. • A person’s ability is strongly influenced by their GENOTYPE and the ENVIRONMENT.

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