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MMUA August 15, 2006

The Potential and Challenge of a Hydrogen-Electric Economy. Rolf Nordstrom Upper Midwest Hydrogen Initiative. MMUA August 15, 2006. Outline. Primer on hydrogen and fuel cells Commercialization timeline Activity in other states and nations What is the Northern H?

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MMUA August 15, 2006

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  1. The Potential and Challenge of a Hydrogen-Electric Economy Rolf Nordstrom Upper Midwest Hydrogen Initiative MMUA August 15, 2006 Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  2. Outline • Primer on hydrogen and fuel cells • Commercialization timeline • Activity in other states and nations • What is the Northern H? • Implications for Utilities Ford Model U H2-powered ICE vehicle Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  3. Great Plains InstituteWorking on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  4. Great Plains Institute Mission: To help usher in a renewable and carbon-neutral energy system by mid-century. How we work: Bring together “odd bedfellows” to develop policy, demonstrate promising technologies, identify research aimed at commercialization, and educate key audiences. • Funded by foundations, stakeholders, individuals and government. The region we serve We are a 501 (c) 3 nonprofit based in Minneapolis. Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  5. Current Programs • Powering the Plains • Cellulosic Initiative • Coal Gasification Working Group • Upper Midwest Hydrogen Initiative Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  6. Upper Midwest Hydrogen Initiative Working on Tomorrow’s Solutions with Today’s Leaders UMHI is an affiliate of the National Hydrogen Association Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  7. Minnesota Members R4 Energy, Inc. Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  8. HydrogenHas Been Called the Perfect Fuel • Most abundant element • Found in water, fossil fuels, all organic matter • Colorless, odorless and non-toxic. • Burns clean • Produces only heat, electricity and water vapor when used in fuel cells [ ]

  9. Energy “Currencies” Allow Energy Transactions To Take Place • Hydrogen is an energy CARRIER not an energy source • Electricity transition began 100 years ago • Hydrogen is the “2nd Currency” • Electricity and hydrogen are interchangeable [ ]

  10. Why all the talk about hydrogen? • ENERGY SECURITY • ECONOMIC PROSPERITY • ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP [ ]

  11. Why Hydrogen cont’d? • Domestic and inexhaustible • Pollution-free if produced/w renewable and climate-friendly methods. • Huge potential “peace dividend” • “Hydrogen could replace all gasoline and eliminate essentially all CO2 emissions” — National Research Council, 2004 Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  12. Actual Actual Projected Projected Oil Consumption Increasing: Million barrels per day NHTSA Proposal 20% CAFE Increase (=28.8 mpg) Transportation Oil Use Transportation Oil Use 40% CAFE Increase (=33.6 mpg) 60% CAFE Increase (=38.4 mpg) Domestic Production -CAFE increases include light trucks -Beyond 2020, EIA data extrapolated Domestic Production Plus ANWR(Ref. EIA SR/O&G/2000-02, and USGS Report 98-34)

  13. End of Cheap Oil "The time when we could count on cheap oil and even cheaper natural gas is clearly ending," — Dave O'Reilly, CEO ChevronTexaco, 2005 Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  14. Inexhaustible Energy Cycle Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  15. U.S. produces 9 million metric tons/year 95% from natural gas 8% of U.S. natural gas goes for H2 Using NG in H2 transition = < 3% increase in NG use Globally, that number is 50 million tons/year Global production is growing 6-7% per year Hydrogen Economy is Here . . .Sort of There are about 700 miles of H2 pipeline today Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  16. How is hydrogen used now? • 95% used on-site for oil refining or fertilizer production • Remaining 5% sold for range of minor uses • Space program Moving gaseous H2 more than about 200 miles is cost prohibitive Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  17. What are the potential uses of hydrogen? Portable Stationary Vehicles It could provide electricity, heat and transportation fuel throughout the economy Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  18. How Safe is Hydrogen? • NASA scientist finds hydrogen NOT to blame for Hindenburg. • Clear flame can’t sear you at a distance • No smoke. • Hard to make explode; can’t explode in free air; burns first. Coated skin ignited, not H2 Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  19. How Safe is Hydrogen? • Fuel leak simulation • hydrogen on left • gasoline on right • equivalent energy release 3 seconds H2 Gasoline 1 minute From: M.R. Swain, Fuel Leak Simulation, University of Miami, Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  20. Does it take more energy than it yields?

  21. End-use value and efficiency is worth it

  22. Regional Strengths in Hydrogen Production Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  23. Goal is Hydrogen Made From Renewable & Carbon-neutral Energy Sources NRC 2004 Price Data – Today vs. Potential ( Units = $US/per kg ) Today Potential Renewable Energy * Centralized with sequestration ** Centralized [ ]

  24. What are fuel cells? • Electrolysis in reverse • Runs like a battery, but doesn’t run down as long as it’s supplied with fuel • Highly efficient • No emissions other than water and heat Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  25. Where did fuel cells come from? • First one in 1839 - Sir William Grove • Serious interest in U.S. in 1960s • Provide electricity & water for space shuttle. Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  26. PEM Fuel Cells Primer Single Fuel Cell Fuel Cell Stack Fuel Cells produce electricity through the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen. Source – US Fuel Cell Council

  27. Benefits of Fuel Cells? • Zero harmful emissions • 2 X efficiency of engines • Wide range of sizes and applications • Quiet “good neighbor” • No moving parts • High quality power • Mini power plants More than 2000 fuel cells are deployed worldwide PlugPower fuel cells Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  28. Where Are We With Fuel Cells Today? Cost: • Today, many fuel cells cost about $3,000/kW • Stationary power generation requires $800/kW • Transportation requires $50/kW to compete with the gasoline ICE Durability: • Vehicles need 5,000 hr lifetime • Primary stationary power needs 50,000 hr (Emergency power: only 5,000 hr) • Today, the “head of the pack”is about halfway to bothdurability targets [ ]

  29. Hydrogenics purchase price history/forecast Fuel Cell Power Pack Cost Military Price-insensitive industrial applications 5000 3500 Portable power Ice Refinishers Distributed industrial/commercial power Lift trucks PDV Distributed residential power 500 Unit Product Cost US$/kW Commercial Mower Transportation auxiliary power 200 Utility Vehicle Trucks & Buses Lawn Tractor Cars Compact Tractor 50 Other off-road vehicles Source: Goepel McDermid, Energy Technology Perspectives,2000 Modified 5/2002

  30. Zero-Emission Fuel Cell ICEBEAR Clean  Competitive  Available now Come see it at the MN State Fair: www.ecoexperience.org Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  31. H2, fuel cell fork lifts: Can run 3X longer than battery-electrics Several companies testing hydrogen fuel cell lift trucks • Cat Lift Truck, TX • General Motors of Canada, • NACCO Materials Handling Group, Inc. • STILL International, a wholly-owned company of Linde AG Hyster fork lift recently delivered by UMHI member, ePower Synergies, Inc. to Army base in Grand Forks, ND Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  32. Hydrogen Buses • 30 fuel cell buses part of European CUTE program • London Mayor wants H2 buses to go from 3 to 70 in 4 years (www.tfl.gov.uk) • Ford to produce 8 E-45 H2-ICE shuttle buses for tourist spots in Florida • Shell Hydrogen & partners may deploy 20 (H2-ICE) buses in Rotterdam before 2010 • Berlin Transit to purchase up to to 250 more H2 buses by 2009 (have 14 already) Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  33. Our region to deploy Engine-assisted, fuel cell Bus • Part of Federal Transit Administration’s $49 m. National Fuel Cell Bus Development Program • Deployed in up to 6 cities across region • Key project partners: • Tiax, LLC • Hydrogenics • QuantumTechnologies • UQM Technologies • Upper Midwest Hydrogen Initiative @ GPI Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  34. Passenger Vehicles & Fuels Headed in Same Direction Hybridized & Grid-Connected PHEVs and HEVs Hydrogen Biofuels Conventional Energy Cleaner Energy Isolated Hybrid ICE & Hybrid FC Original graphic courtesy of Bob Parsons, Manitoba Energy Development Initiative ICE only Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  35. Do any hydrogen vehicles exist today? • Every major automaker has prototypes • 400-500 vehicles on the road • 38 Hybrid Priuses have been converted to run on hydrogen, most operating in 5 cities in LA basin • At least 10 types of H2 ICE vehicles deployed or being developed Honda FCX 4 Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  36. When might you buy a fuel cell vehicle? • Automakers racing to be first; GM says by 2010 • Both Honda and BMW have announced plans to go to production BEFORE 2010 • Others think longer or never • First vehicles are fleets GM’s Sequel, 300 mile range Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  37. 1st fuel cell family has completed their first year Honda FCX4 Jon and Sandy Spallino and daughters, Redondo Beach, California Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  38. Are there any hydrogen fueling stations today? • >100 stations worldwide • California has 16 stations; 19 more underway; 100 planned by 2010 • 1st public station in Washington DC • 170 new stations planned (VT, OH, CA, DC, FL, NV, NY, etc.) • CA, FL, NY, Canada, Japan and Norway have “H2 highway” projects H2 Highway in BC Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  39. Developing Hydrogen Infrastructure • “. . .the committee strongly suggests that the [hydrogen] transition be progressed with small, on-site hydrogen production systems at the filling station. . .” National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering, 2004 Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  40. Our own “Hydrogen Highway” Northern H Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  41. The “Northern H”:Flexible-Fuel H2 Highway Network • 10-year effort to establish transitional H2 infrastructure • Supports nearby on- or off-road fleet vehicles • Tests variety of hydrogen production options • Enables launch of H2-powered vehicles & builds demand • Eventually links major cities and other Hydrogen Highway efforts • Benefits all 6 UMHI jurisdictions Northern H network Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  42. Northern H Would Offer Multiple Fuels As transition infrastructure, the Northern H stations could offer: • Gasoline • E-85 & ethanol blends • Diesel & Bio-diesel • Hydrogen • Hythane • Stationary fuel cell to power station Existing E-85 station Kraus Global, Inc. Dispenser Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  43. Multi-fuel approach supports vehicle and fuel evolution • ICE hybrids • Plug-in hybrids • Plug-in ICE and FC Hybrids • ICEs • ICE flex-fuel • ICE Hybrids Vehicles Toyota Prius Hybrid 2006 Time • Cellulosic ethanol • Electricity • H2 blends • Hydrogen • DME • FT-liquids Ford Model U ICE-H2 • Gasoline • Corn ethanol • Biodiesel • Electricity Fuels Ford Tri-fuel SuperChief Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  44. EPRI slide from Robert Schainker Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

  45. The Hydrogen Utility Group • Founded in October 2005 by: • Arizona Public Service • DTE Energy • Entergy • Fort Collins Utilities • Nebraska Public Power District • New York Power Authority • Sacramento Municipal Utility District • Southern Company • Xcel Energy • With significant support from: • Department of Energy and NREL • Electric Power Research Institute • National Hydrogen Association • Membership Membership is open to electric and combined electric/gas utilities and others as approved by the Steering Committee

  46. Answers Are Needed • Synergies from co-generating hydrogen and electricity? • Other utility system (customer) benefits? • New energy conversion options? • Strategic options along the hydrogen value chain? • Electrons over power lines vs. protons through pipelines? • Other societal benefits enabled by hydrogen?

  47. BASIN ELECTRICHYDROGEN FROM WIND ENERGY • Use electricity from local wind generators at a regional hydrogen production site • transportation fuel, • a fuel to provide firm schedulable (non-intermittent) power • Phase 1 analyzed the economics and environmental impacts • Phase 2 places the electrolyzer • Hydrogenics electrolyzer for the hydrogen refueling station • 2.7 kg/h (60kg/day) • 100 kg of storage capacity

  48. SACRAMENTO MUNICIPAL UTILITY DISTRICT SOLAR H2 FUELING STATION

  49. XCEL ENERGYWIND 2 H2 PROJECT

  50. Wind-to-Hydrogen Potential Just the cost-effective class 3+ wind in North & South Dakota could produce 50 million tons of hydrogen a year1 1 Rocky Mountain Institute Working on tomorrow’s solutions with today’s leaders

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