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Intelligence (Chapter 9, p. 324-335)

Intelligence (Chapter 9, p. 324-335). Lecture Outline : History of intelligence IQ and normal distributions Measurement and Theory. Psychophysical RT, sensitivity to physical stimuli Galton (1883) and later Cattell (1890) proposed psychophysical tests measured ability

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Intelligence (Chapter 9, p. 324-335)

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  1. Intelligence (Chapter 9, p. 324-335) Lecture Outline: History of intelligence IQ and normal distributions Measurement and Theory

  2. Psychophysical RT, sensitivity to physical stimuli Galton (1883) and later Cattell (1890) proposed psychophysical tests measured ability Contribution: Psychometrics, measurement of traits and processes Mental judgement Memory, vocabulary, and perceptual discrimination Binet & Simon (1904) diagnosed “mental defectives” in Paris Contribution: Testing and IQ Two Views of Intelligence

  3. Definition of Intelligence An inferred characteristic usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposely, and adapt to changes in the environment.

  4. What is an Intelligence Quotient? • IQ = (MA / CA) X 100 • MA = Mental age, CA = Chronological age • 8 year old with MA of 12 has IQ of 150 • Problem across life span. MA may not differ much from age 25 to 50, but IQ of someone 50 is not half that of a 25 year old • Problem with different variability at each age

  5. Intelligence tests and IQ • Goal directed adaptive behavior • IQ tests define a domain of skills necessary to succeed in school What is the environment being adapted to? What is the goal? What is the goal? Original Purpose: Identify “slow learners” and bring them up to speed

  6. Measuring intelligence

  7. Assessing intelligence • Stanford Binet- Revised: • Short-term memory, Verbal, Quantitative, and Figural Abstract Reasoning • Wechsler Scales: • Verbal, Performance, and Total IQ scores • WAIS-III, WISC-III, WPPSI • Most commonly used intelligence test today

  8. Interpretation of performance • Standardized testing conditions: we assume that temperature, lighting, vision, hearing does not impact performance • Lack of motivation and performance anxiety can detract from performance • If you think you will fail or are stressed out, performance decreases • Mastery, positive stereotypes, confidence enhances performance • Low motivation interferes with high IQ • Right answer (psychometric) and strategies used when solving problems (cognitive)

  9. Potential for cultural bias in IQ tests • What is The Bluenose? • Who was Thomas Jefferson?

  10. Validity: Example of SAT • Face validity: Does the test make sense? • Predictive validity: Does it predict Acadia grades? • Concurrent validity: Were they related to Grade 12 grades? • Construct validity: Does the SAT measure the construct it is supposed to measure?

  11. Definitions • Aptitude: Ability to learn in a specific area • Achievement: What is already learned in an area • Psychometric: Psychological measurement • Metacognition: Understanding and control of thought processes

  12. Spearman’s Model

  13. Multiple intelligences? Spatial in athletes, mechanics Musical genious Emotional intelligence and empathy

  14. Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Transferring skills to new situations e.g., setting up a DVD player Componential Experiential Information-processing strategies, metacognition e.g., long division Contextual Practical applications of intelligence, knowing when to change, adapt, or fix your environment e.g., getting to Halifax

  15. Normal curve of IQ scores

  16. Mental Retardation is at low end Dx when IQ and adaptive behavior is low Mild 50-70 Moderate 35-55 Severe 20-40 Profound <25 Gifted at high end 1% have IQ > 135 Terman’s longitudinal study documenting “success” of men with IQ >140, but those with low motivation underachieved School programming Mensa: IQ 130 or 98th percentile Extremes of intelligence

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