“ Nothing is certain except death and taxes.”

1. “Nothing is certain except death and taxes.”

2. Chapter 14 – Taxes and Government SpendingSection 1 – What are Taxes? • Tax – a required payment to a local, state, or national government • Income, sales, property, capital gains, etc. • Revenue – income received by the government from tax collection • Tax Base – income, property, good or service that is subject to a tax

4. Tax Structures • Proportional Tax – % of income taxes remains the same for all income levels (Flat tax) It’s the same percentage for all. $40,000 income vs. $140,000 income 10% on $1000 = $100, Who has more in the end? • Progressive Tax – % of income paid in taxes increases as income increases (Federal Income Tax) “The more you make the more they take” • Regressive Tax - % of income paid in taxes decreases as income increases (Sales Tax) 6% tax on a can of beans for the $25,000 and the $125,000. Who does this impact more?

5. Characteristics of a Good Tax • Simplicity – easy to understand, keep records, prepare tax forms, anticipate amount of taxes • Efficiency – easy to collect, taxpayers should not pay too much or take too much time to pay • Certainty – clear due dates, amount to be paid, how to pay • Equity – fair, so not one person bears too much or too little of the tax burden

6. Individual Income Taxes • “Pay-As-You-Earn” Taxation – taxes are paid based on annual income; individuals pay income taxes throughout the year • Tax Withholding – tax payments taken out of employees pay before they receive it; ensures annual payment • Tax Return – form used to file income taxes; declare income and taxable income • Taxable Income-A person’s gross (or total ) income minus exemptions and deductions.

7. Individual Income Taxes • Taxable Income – A person’s gross income minus exemptions and deductions • Personal Exemptions – set amounts that you subtract from your gross income • 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. • Deductions – amounts you can subtract, or deduct from your gross income. • Interest on a home, children, charity, religious, education, etc. • Tax Bracket – scheduled rate at which you are taxed based on your annual income

8. Corporate Income Taxes • Like individuals, corporations must pay income tax on their taxable income. • Corporate taxes make up less than 10% of revenues in recent years. • Corporate taxes are progressive.

9. Social Security, Medicare, and Unemployment Taxes • FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) – funds Social Security and Medicare. • Social Security – funds people of old-age, survivors and disabilities, established in 1935, originally to provide old-age pensions of workers • Medicare – national health insurance program that helps pay for people over age of 65 or with certain disabilities • Medicaid – national health insurance for people within the poverty threshold • Unemployment – insurance for workers laid off through no fault of their own

10. Other Types of Taxes • Excise tax – tax on gasoline, cigarettes, alcohol, phone service, cable, internet, etc. • Estate tax – “death tax”, tax on estate or value of money and property of a person who has died • Gift tax – tax on money or property that one living person gives to another; a person can give up to $10,000 a year tax-free per individual • Tariff – import tax on foreign goods brought into the country

11. Daily Assignment Questions – Ch. 14 Section 1 pgs. 359 – 360 *Answer in complete sentences* • How did taxes affect early American colonists? • What gives the government the right to tax U.S. citizens? • What is the purpose of taxation? • What are some things that are provided by the government through revenue? • Where is the power to tax found in the Constitution? • What are the two limitations of taxes found in the taxation clause? • What is Congress unable to tax? • What is a tax base? • List the items that could be included in the tax base.

12. Section 2: Federal SpendingMandatory and Discretionary Spending Spending Categories • Mandatory spending refers to money that lawmakers are required by law to spend on certain programs or to use for interest payments on the national debt. • Discretionary spending is spending about which government planners can make choices.

13. *Entitlements(Mandatory) An entitlement program is a social welfare program that people are “entitled” to if they meet certain eligibility requirements. • Social Security • Social Security is the largest category of government spending. • Medicare • Medicare pays for certain health benefits for people over 65 or people who have certain disabilities and diseases. • Medicaid • Medicaid benefits low-income families, some people with disabilities, and elderly people in nursing homes. Medicaid costs are shared by the federal and state governments.

14. Defense Spending Spending on defense accounts for about half of the federal government’s discretionary spending. Defense spending pays military personnel salaries, buys military equipment, and covers operating costs of military bases. 18% of the national budget is spent on defense. Other Discretionary Spending Other discretionary spending categories include: Education Training Environmental cleanup National parks and monuments Scientific research Land management Farm subsidies Foreign aid Discretionary Spending

15. Federal Aid to State and Local Governments • Federal Tax dollars give to state and local governments • $346 billion/yr divided among the states • Federal Grants-in-Aid are grants of federal money for certain closely defined purposes…education or highway construction

16. State Budgets • States have two budgets(Federal Gov’t has only one): • Operating Budget • Capital Budget • Operating Budget • Pays for day-to-day expenses i.e., Salaries, supplies, maintenance of facilities • Capital Budget • Pays for major capital, or investment, spending.

17. Balancing State Budgets • In most states the Governor prepares the budget with the help of a budget agency • 49 states require balanced budgets=revenues are equal to spending (unlike Federal Gov’t)

19. Where Are State Taxes Spent? • Education • State education budgets help finance public state universities and provide some aid to local governments for elementary, middle, and high schools. • Public Safety • State governments operate state police systems, as well as correctional facilities within a state. • Highways and Transportation • Building and maintaining highways is another state expense. States also pay some of the costs of waterways and airports. • Public Welfare • State funds support some public hospitals and clinics. States also help pay for and administer federal benefits programs. • Arts and Recreation • State parks and some museums and historical sites are funded by state revenues. • Administration • Like the federal government, state governments spend money just to keep running.

20. Chapter 14 + 15 Do Now • Out of the 3.5 Trillion dollars of U.S. federal budget, break down in percentages the amount that you think should go towards the following areas of the economy:

21. Chapter 14 + 15 Do Now • Out of the 3.5 Trillion dollars of U.S. federal budget, break down in percentages the amount that you think should go towards the following areas of the economy:

22. Fiscal Policy and The Federal Budget • Fiscal Policy – the use of government spending and revenue collection to influence the economy • Federal budget – a written document indicating the amount of money the government expects to receive and how they will spend it • Released the first Monday in February each year • Fiscal year – 12 month period, October 1 – September 30

23. Creating The Federal Budget • Step 1 – Federal agencies request money; spending proposals are sent to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) • Step 2 – The OMB works with the President to create a budget, President presents to Congress • Step 3 – Congress makes changes to the budget and sends the amended budget to the President • Step 4 – The President signs the budget into law Step 1 → Step 2 → Step 3 → Step 4

24. Federal Spending • Mandatory Spending – programs that lawmakers are required by existing laws to spend money on (Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, etc.) • Discretionary Spending – spending that government can adjust; increase or decrease (Defense, environment, scientific research, etc.)

25. Budget Deficits and the National Debt • Which President had the smallest budget deficit’s in recent history? • Which President had the largest budget deficit in recent history? • Other than our current President, which three presidents had the largest budget deficits? • What do you have to do when you spend more than you can afford?

26. Budget Deficits and the National Debt • Balanced budget – money going into the U.S. Treasury is the same amount of money going out • Revenue = Spending • The last balanced budget occurred in 1997 under President Bill Clinton

27. Balancing the Budget • Budget Surplus – occurs when the government takes in more than it spends • Revenue > Spending • Budget Deficit – occurs when the government spends more than it takes in • Revenue < Spending

28. Dealing with a Budget Deficit • Create money – the government can print or inject money into economy • Borrow money – government borrows money by selling bonds • Bond is a type of loan with a promise to repay with interest • Bonds sold domestically or globally • China owns 1 trillion dollars in U.S. bonds

29. The National Debt • National debt – the total amount of money the federal government owes to bondholders • Budget deficit – the amount of money the government owes to bondholders in one fiscal year • Who does the United States owe money to? http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/who-owns-us-national-debt-30-sept-2010.png • US Debt Clock http://www.usdebtclock.org/

30. Mandatory and Discretionary Spending Chart pgs. 371-373 Social welfare programs that people are “entitled to” if they meet certain eligibility requirements. The largest category of federal spending. More than 50 million retired or disabled people and their families and survivors receive monthly benefits. Serves around 40 million people, most over 65 years old. Pays for hospital care and the costs of physicians and medical services. A program that benefits low-income families, disabled and elderly people in nursing homes. Largest source of funds for medical and health related services for people within the poverty threshold. Food stamps, supplemental security income and child nutrition, retirement benefits and insurance for federal workers, veterans pensions and unemployment. Pays the salaries of people in the army, navy, air force, marines and civilian employees. Largest portion of discretionary spending. Education, training, scientific research, student loans, technology, national parks and monuments, law enforcement, environmental cleanup, housing.

31. Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policies, pgs. 389-390

32. Tools of Fiscal Policy Chart

33. Tools of Fiscal Policy Chart

34. Tools of Fiscal Policy Chart

35. Tools of Fiscal Policy Chart

36. Tools of Fiscal Policy Chart

37. Model of aggregate demand & aggregate supply Price Level Aggregate supply (AS) • Model used to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend • Aggregate - sum of all supply and demand in an economy • Two variables: • Economy’s output of goods and services • Average level of prices (CPI or GDP Deflator) Equilibrium price level Aggregate demand (AD) Quantity of Output Equilibrium output

38. Why is the AD Curve Downward Sloping? Price Level • Wealth effect – consumers are wealthier, which stimulates the demand for consumption goods • Interest rate effect – interest rates fall, which stimulates the demand for investment goods • Exchange Rate effect – currency depreciates, which stimulates the demand for net exports, vice versa Equilibrium price level Aggregate demand (AD) Quantity of Output Equilibrium output

39. Aggregate Demand Price Level • Aggregate-demand curve • Sum of C+I+G+NX (real GDP) at each price level • Downward sloping • Low price levels increase the quantity of goods and services, vice versa Equilibrium price level Aggregate demand (AD) Quantity of Output Equilibrium output

40. Why the AD Curve Might Shift? • Shifts arising from changes in consumption • Decreases in spending – people become more concerned with saving for retirement • Increases in spending – stock market boom increases disposable income • Shifts arising from changes in investment • Change in firm investing – tax policy, pessimism about economy in future, interest rates • Shifts arising from changes in government purchases • Congress increases/decreases spending • Shift arising from changes in net exports • Global recessions would cause a decrease in demand for U.S. products

41. What Shifts the Aggregate Demand Curve? A C B Price Level C Quantity of Output A C C A A

42. Effects of Fiscal Policy Chart Move toward a deficit Expansionary Move toward a surplus Contractionary Move toward a deficit Expansionary Move toward a surplus Contractionary

43. Chapter 15 Practice Worksheet • 1. If a country’s central bank were to engage in activist stabilization policy, in which direction should it move the money supply in response to the following events? • A wave of optimism boosts business investment and household consumption causing price levels to increase. • Decrease the money supply • To balance its budget, the government raises taxes and reduces expenditures causing a slowdown in the economy. • Increase the money supply • OPEC raises the price of crude oil causing people’s disposable income to reduce. • Increase the money supply • The taste for the country’s products amongst the residents of other countries declines. • Increase the money supply • The stock market falls. • Increase the money supply

44. Chapter 15 Practice Worksheet • 2. In which direction should the Federal Reserve move interest rates in response to the following events? • A wave of optimism boosts business investment and household consumption causing price levels to increase. • Increase interest rates • To balance its budget, the government raises taxes and reduces expenditures causing a slowdown in the economy. • Decrease interest rates • OPEC raises the price of crude oil causing people’s disposable income to reduce. • Decrease interest rates • The taste for the country’s products amongst the residents of other countries declines. • Decrease interest rates • The stock market falls. • Decrease interest rates

45. Chapter 15 Practice Worksheet • 3. If policy makers were to use fiscal policy to actively stabilize the economy, in which direction should they move government spending and taxes? • A wave of optimism boosts business investment and household consumption causing price levels to increase. • Decrease spending, increase taxes • To balance its budget, the government raises taxes and reduces expenditures causing a slowdown in the economy. • Increase spending, decrease taxes • OPEC raises the price of crude oil causing people’s disposable income to reduce. • Increase spending, decrease taxes • The taste for the country’s products amongst the residents of other countries declines. • Increase spending, decrease taxes • The stock market falls. • Increase spending, decrease taxes

46. Daily Assignment QuestionsState and Local Taxes and Spending, pgs. 375-376 • What does a states operating budget pay for? List examples. • What does a state’s capital budget pay for? List examples • How do the state budgets differ from the federal government? • Where are taxes spent? List and describe each of the following: • Education • Public Safety • Highways and Transportation • Public Welfare • Arts and Recreation • Administration

47. Flow Chart Types of Taxes, pgs. 365-369 Types of Taxes Individual Income Taxes Corporate Income Taxes Social Security, Medicare and Unemployment Taxes Other Types of Taxes 1. Pay-As-You-Earn Taxation 2. Tax Withholding 3. Tax Return 4. Taxable Income 5. Personal Exemptions 6. Deductions 7. Tax Brackets 1. Impact on Federal Budget2. Deductions 3. Progressive structure of Corporate taxes 1. FICA 2. Social Security 3. Medicare 4. Unemployment Taxes 1. Excise Taxes 2. Estate Taxes 3. Gift Taxes 4. Import Taxes (Tariffs) 5. Tax Incentive

48. Flow Chart Types of Taxes, pgs. 365-369 Types of Taxes Individual Income Taxes Corporate Income Taxes Social Security, Medicare and Unemployment Taxes Other Types of Taxes 1. Pay-As-You-Earn Taxation 2. Tax Withholding 3. Tax Return 4. Taxable Income 5. Personal Exemptions 6. Deductions 7. Tax Brackets 1. Impact on Federal Budget2. Deductions 3. Progressive structure of Corporate taxes 1. FICA 2. Social Security 3. Medicare 4. Unemployment Taxes 1. Excise Taxes 2. Estate Taxes 3. Gift Taxes 4. Import Taxes (Tariffs) 5. Tax Incentive

49. Consumers Expect a RecessionFall in AD – Prices fall, real GDP falls Foreign Income RisesRise in AD – Prices rise, real GDP rises Foreign price levels fallFall in AD – Prices fall, real GDP falls Workers Expect Future Inflation, Negotiate Higher Wages NowFall in AS – Prices rise, real GDP falls Technological Improvements Increase ProductivityRise in AS – Prices fall, real GDP rises Government Spending IncreasesRise in AD – Prices rise, real GDP rises