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Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus. Prof Seamus Sreenan Dept of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Connolly Hospital, Blanchardstown Mini Med School November 30 th , 2011. Learning Objectives. At the end of this talk you should understand: What diabetes mellitus means

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Diabetes Mellitus

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  1. Diabetes Mellitus Prof Seamus Sreenan Dept of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Connolly Hospital, Blanchardstown Mini Med School November 30th, 2011

  2. Learning Objectives • At the end of this talk you should understand: • What diabetes mellitus means • The difference between types-1 and -2 diabetes • How the different types are treated • The reasons for the current epidemic of diabetes and how it can be prevented • What the complications of diabetes are and how they can be prevented

  3. What is Diabetes? Diabetes Mellitus (sugar diabetes) is a disease characterized by high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0 (mmol/L)

  4. Blood sugar and health Sugar (glucose) is an important source of energy Insulin is produced by the pancreas when blood sugar is high What is eaten is absorbed into the blood Insulin keeps blood sugar level within the normal range for health

  5. Islet of Langerhans: Pancreas contains insulin-making cells in “islets” Insulinb-cells

  6. Diabetes in a ‘nutshell’ • Insufficient insulin to meet the body’s needs • Either a complete lack (type 1) or relative lack (type 2) • Results in raised blood glucose levels • Untreated diabetes results in short-term symptoms and serious long-term complications • Treatment aims to keep blood glucose levels as close to the normal range as safely possible

  7. Complications of Diabetes • Short term: • Symptoms of diabetes • Dehydration • Diabetic Coma • Infections • Long term: • Kidney • Eye • Heart • Circulation • Amputation

  8. Symptoms of Diabetes People with diabetes often have typical complaints (symptoms): • Thirst and frequent drinking • More frequent urination, particularly at night • Unexplained weight loss • Fatigue • Blurred vision • Frequent infections : skin, genital

  9. Case 1 • JN • 32 year old male • Referred to Emergency Dept by GP • Complaining of thirst, excessive urination, half stone weight loss in the last 6 weeks • No relevant past history • First cousin has diabetes on insulin • On no regular medications • Thin man • Blood sugar level = 24.7 mmol/L

  10. What type of diabetes does JN have? There are 2 main types of diabetes: • Type 1 (15%): Due to total lack of insulin – insulin treatment is required for life • Type 2 (85%): Plenty of insulin which does not work very well in the body. Insulin treatment may be required at some stage but is not required in all patients

  11. Type 1 Young age Normal BMI, not obese No immediate family history Short duration of symptoms (weeks) Can present with diabetic coma (diabetic ketoacidosis) Insulin required Type 2 Middle aged, elderly Usually overweight/obese Family history usual Symptoms may be present for months/years Do not present with diabetic coma Insulin not necessarily required Previous diabetes in pregnancy Differences between type-1 and type-2 Diabetes Mellitus These differences are not absolute

  12. JN • Young age • Thin • No immediate family history • Short duration of symptoms • Insulin treatment required All point to probable type-1 diabetes

  13. The Miracle of Insulin February 15, 1923 Patient J.L., December 15, 1922

  14. Treatment of Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin must be administered into the subcutaneous pocket between fat & muscle & avoid injection into fat or muscle. Can be administered by needle and syringe or by pen device

  15. Alternative way to deliver insulin treatment: Continuous insulin infusion (insulin pump)

  16. Islet replacement treatment • Aim to replace the need for insulin treatment • (Kidney) Pancreas transplantation • Islet transplantation – not available in Ireland • Anti-rejection drugs required • Stem cell transplantation - experimental

  17. Case 2 • Ms AJ, a 45 year old woman is concerned she may have diabetes • She had diabetes during her last pregnancy managed with diet • Lately she has been feeling tired but otherwise has no complaints • Her mother and one of her two sisters already have diabetes treated with tablets • She has been overweight since her last pregnancy and has taken a tablet for blood pressure for the last 2 years • She is obese, body mass index 34.5 • Blood pressure is 140/90 but otherwise her examination is normal • She undergoes a testing and her fasting glucose is 9.4 mmol/L • Obese, strong family history, aged in 40s, previous history of diabetes in pregnancy all point to type-2 diabetes

  18. Normal Prediabetes Type 2 diabetes Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes Insulin resistance Increasing insulinresistance Insulin secretion Hyperinsulinemia, then islet cell failure After meal glucose Abnormal glucose tolerance Fasting glucose High sugar levels Adapted from International Diabetes Center (IDC), Minneapolis, Minnesota.

  19. Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Diet/exercise Oralmonotherapy Oral combination Oral +/- insulin Insulin Diet and exercise my control condition for some time Variety of tablets available when diet exercise no longer work Tablets can be used in combination with each other or with insulin Insulin can also be used alone

  20. Prevalence of Diabetes • Diabetes is very common • It is becoming more common (particularly type-2) • It affects about 200,000 Irish people • 10% of the health budget spent on diabetes

  21. Reason for increasing prevalence of type-2 diabetes The disease is reaching epidemic proportions because: • Rates of overweight/obesity have increased • We have become a physically inactive species • Our diets are increasingly unhealthy

  22. Overweight and obesity are diagnosed by measuring weight and height (Body Mass Index (BMI)): Weight in Kg Height in metres2 Normal = 20-25 Overweight = 25-30 Obese = more than 30 Everyone should know their BMI! BMI =

  23. Can Diabetes be Prevented? To be able to prevent a disease we need to be able to indentify people at particular risk of developing it

  24. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes Certain people are more at risk of diabetes: • Those who are overweight/obese • People with a family history of diabetes • Women who had diabetes during pregnancy or have had a baby weighing more than 9lbs • Physically inactive people • Certain ethnic groups (african, american indian, asian) • People who have high blood pressure or high cholesterol • Age more than 45 years

  25. Can Diabetes be Prevented? Risk of Type 2 Diabetes can be reduced: • Losing weight • Taking regular exercise : walking for 30 mins per day • Eating healthier food:  Less fat (burgers, fries, crisps, sweet foods)  More fibre (fruit and vegetables, wholegrain alternatives for rice, bread) • Cutting down on alcohol consumption Ultimate aim is to reduce the longterm complications

  26. Can the longterm complications be prevented? • Type-1 • 1993: Study showed for the first time that good sugar control can prevent long term complications affecting eyes/kidneys/nerves • Type-2 • 1998: Similar study showed same conclusion for type-2 • Important therefore to know that sugar control is good and monitor frequently

  27. Diabetes Mellitus: Self Monitoring SMBG Patients can draw blood frequently to monitor their glucose levels. A glucose monitor is used to check the sugar as required

  28. Glycosylated Hemoglobin: HbAlc Blood test that measures the amount of glucose that has been incorporated into the hemoglobin protein of the red blood cell (RBC). Reflects the lifespan of a RBC, so test will reveal the effectiveness of diabetes therapy for the preceding 8-12 weeks. HbA1c levels remain more stable than sugar levels. Not affected by short-term fluctuations in sugar Normal is 4-6% Evaluated periodically (1-2 per year if well controlled, more frequently if not)

  29. Retinopathy Nephropathy Neuropathy Microalbuminuria A1c and relative risk of complications(type 1 diabetes): 20 15 13 Aim for AIc of < 7% 11 9 Relative Risk (%) 7 5 3 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A1c (%) DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. 1. Adapted from Skyler JS. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1996;25:243-254. 2. DCCT. N Eng J Med. 1993;329:977-986. 3. DCCT. Diabetes. 1995;44:968-983.

  30. How to prevent the complications Factors other than blood sugar increase likelihood of complications and should be managed Complications can be delayed/prevented by: • Controlling blood sugars: sticking to diet/exercise programme, taking medication as prescribed • Controlling blood pressure: diet, salt restriction, medication • Controlling cholesterol levels: diet, statin tablets • Stopping smoking • Taking aspirin?

  31. Useful websites • Diabetes Federation of Ireland: • www.diabetes.ie • American Diabetes Association • www.diabetes.org • Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute • www.indi.ie • Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation • www.jdrf.org

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