chapter 4

1. chapter4 Intercollegiate Athletics Ellen J. Staurowsky, Robertha Abney

2. Introduction • Much more than meets the eye • Financial stakes are high • Reputations of schools

3. Governanceof Intercollegiate Athletics • National Collegiate Athletic Association • Other national governing bodies • Athletic conferences

4. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) • Headquarters located in Indianapolis, Indiana • Divided into three competitive divisions • Division I • Division II • Division III (continued)

5. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (continued) • Classification based on several criteria • Size of financial base • Number and types of sports offered • Focus of program • Existence of athletics grant-in-aid

6. NCAA Division I • Major financial enterprises • Must offer at least seven sports for men and seven for women (or six for men and eight for women) • Must have at least two team sports for each gender (continued)

7. NCAA Division I (continued) • Offer full grants-in-aid based on athletic ability • Highly competitive • Consider contests as entertainment for spectators (continued)

8. NCAA Division I (continued) • Financed through • Student fees • Gate receipts • Television revenues • Licensing revenues • Private donations • Divided into divisions, each with specific classification criteria • I-A (117 active members) • I-AA (118 active members) • I-AAA (91 active members)

9. NCAA Division II • Must offer at least four sports for men and four for women • Must have two team sports for each gender • 281 active member schools (continued)

10. NCAA Division II (continued) • Offer grant-in-aid based on athletic ability, but fewer per capita than Division I • Financed in same way as academic programs • Focus on regional competition

11. NCAA Division III • 421 member schools • Focus on participation rather than competition or entertainment • Must offer at least five sports for men and five for women • Focus on regional and conference competition (continued)

12. NCAA Division III (continued) • Must have two team sports for each gender • Athletic scholarships not offered • Athletes treated same as other students • Admission policies • Academic advisement • Scholarships

13. Other National Governing Bodies • National Junior College Athletic Association • National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics • National Christian College Athletic Association • Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women

14. National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) • Headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado • Seeks to promote and supervise a national program consistent with educational objectives • Comprises approximately 550 schools • Organized into 24 geographical regions

15. National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) • Headquartered in Olathe, Kansas • More than 360 member schools • Open to four-year and upper-level two-year colleges and universities in United States and Canada (continued)

16. National Association for Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) (continued) • Emphasis on academic achievement • Dedicated to • Respect • Integrity • Responsibility • Servant leadership • Fair play

17. National Christian College Athletic Association • Headquartered in Greenville, South Carolina • Focus on the promotion and enhancement of intercollegiate athletic competition with a Christian perspective (continued)

18. National Christian College Athletic Association (continued) • More than 100 member schools • Division I consists of 47 liberal arts institutions • Division II consists of 48 Bible colleges

19. Association for Intercollegiate Athleticsfor Women (AIAW) • Established by women physical educators from colleges and universities across the country • In existence for 10 years • Offered several national championships (continued)

20. Association for Intercollegiate Athleticsfor Women (AIAW) (continued) • Provided opportunities for women athletes, coaches, and administrators • NCAA and NAIA expanded their structures to include women’s athletics • Because of this restructuring, AIAW was dismantled in 1982

21. Athletic Conferences • Group of colleges or universities that governs the conduct and organizes the competition among athletics programs of its member schools • Responsible to their respective governing bodies (continued)

22. Athletic Conferences (continued) • Note the many conference functions provided in textbook provided by Kinder (1993) • Note the many conference examples provided in textbook

23. Intercollegiate Athletics Administrators • Athletics director • Associate or assistant athletics director • First-line managers

24. Athletics Director • Delegation is the key skill needed to run a successful athletic program • To influence and motivate people, leadership skills are essential. (continued)

25. Athletics Director (continued) • Assumes oversight for the following: • Budget and finance • Facilities • Risk management • Television contracts • Compliance with laws and regulations of national and conference governing bodies • Academic progress of college athletes • Communication with the media (continued)

26. Athletics Director (continued) • Scheduling • Marketing games and other events • Corporate sponsorships • Ticket sales • Community relations • Alumni relations • Campus relations • Fund-raising • Personnel management

27. Associate or Assistant Athletics Director • Considered middle mangers • Oversees specific areas such as • Marketing • Fund-raising • Event management • Facilities management • Athletics communications

28. First-Line Managers • Academic coordinator • Business and finance manager • Compliance officer • Development and public relations director • Event and facility manager • Marketing and promotions director (continued)

29. First-Line Managers (continued) • Sports information director • Ticket manager • Senior woman administrator • Equipment manager • Athletic staff

30. Academic Coordinator • Monitors the academic activities of athletes • Maintains records on academic progress • Works closely with coaches, faculty, compliance officer, and other administrators • Understands the business of college sport and regulations

31. Business and Finance Manager • Assists the AD in preparing, administering, and monitoring the budget • Oversees the processing of all reimbursements and payments • Creates, generates, and distributes monthly financial statements for review • Has a solid background in financial accounting

32. Compliance Officer • Develops educational processes so that everyone involved with athletics complies with rules • Responsibilities include monitoring of eligibility of student–athletes • Plays a crucial role in producing compliance reports that are submitted to the NCAA

33. Developmentand Public Relations Director • Responsible for raising funds in support of athletics • Implements fund-raising projects and cultivates donors • Requires a combination of marketing, management, and media relations skills

34. Event and Facility Director • Major duties include • Game management of home events • Facility scheduling • Maintenance • Improvements • Must be attentive to reducing risks and liability

35. Marketing and Promotions Director • Responsible for • Promoting ticket sales for individual games • Nonrevenue sports • Season packages • Championship events • Fan support merchandise • Identifying potential corporate sponsors • Has a comprehensive understanding of trademark law

36. Sports Information Director • Responsible for technical and management functions • Must be adept in • Developing media guides, press releases, recruiting brochures, game programs, feature stories, and newsletters • Managing budgets, organizing events, and supervising personnel • Writing and research • Using mass communication and media technologies

37. Ticket Manager • Coordinates all ticket operations • Designs ticketing plan • Accounts for all money expended and received for tickets • Assists in setting the price of tickets • Determines staffing • Ensures ticket distribution • Understands state laws for ticket scalping

38. Senior Woman Administrator • Ensures that women have a role in the decision-making process • Ensures that women’s interests are represented in areas such as • Business affairs and budget management • Equity in athletics disclosure oversight • Personnel decisions • Promotions, sponsorship, marketing, and development • Legislative processes

39. Equipment Manager • Purchases equipment • Fits equipment • Checks, cleans, and inspects uniforms and equipment to reduce wear and risk of injury • Establishes a comprehensive accountability system that includes inventory (pre- and postseason), reconditioning, and storage • Develops educational processes for training professional and student staff

40. Athletics Training Staff • Educated and trained in the prevention, assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries • Coordinates decisions related to practice, competition, treatment, therapy, and rehabilitation with the athlete and the coaching staff

41. Academic Preparation Career path entails the following • Study sport management as an undergraduate • Engage in service learning and field experiences • Consider selecting a graduate school that will complement your knowledge and experience • Consider selecting a doctoral studies program if your goal is to become an AD at a major institution

42. Current Challenges • Diversity—providing greater participation for a population that is underrepresented • Gender equity—ensuring scholarship support, coaches, promotion, salaries, scheduling, administrators, budgets, and so on • Racial equity—being sensitive to the effects of gender and race on a person’s career aspirations