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If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet, sustainability will remain elusive.

Integrated Approaches to Sustainable Development Practice Energy, Technology & Engineering. If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet, sustainability will remain elusive. Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/. Sustainable Development Goals:.

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If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet, sustainability will remain elusive.

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  1. Integrated Approaches to Sustainable Development Practice Energy, Technology & Engineering If we do not design ways to live within the means of one planet, sustainability will remain elusive. Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/

  2. Sustainable Development Goals: MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality MDG5: Improve Maternal Health MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability MDG 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development Energy, Technology & Engineering should make it possible Source: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

  3. LI EI GDPI + + HDI = 3 3 3 Life Expectancy - 25 LI (Life Index) = 85 - 25 2 Adult Literacy 2 School Enrollment EI (Education Index) = + 3 100 3 100 ln(GDP per capita) - ln(100) GDPI (GDP Index) = ln(40000) - ln(100) UNDP defined Human Development Index (HDI)

  4. Ecological Footprint (EF) • EF measures how much land and water area • a human population requires to produce the • resource it consumes and to absorb its wastes, • using prevailing technology. • EF does not include an economic indicator. Sustainable global EF per capita = Total Biocapacity per capita = 13.4/6.8 ≈ 2 gha Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

  5. HDI > 0.8 High HDI (>0.8) is accompanied by unsustainable levels of Ecological Footprint. EF < 2 gha per capita Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008

  6. poor Sri Lanka to USA medium OK good Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org and http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008

  7. LI EI GDPI + + HDI = 3 3 3 How can we all live well and live within the means of one planet? The challenge ahead of us (technologists, may be) is to assist development to attain HDI > 0.8 while maintaining a healthy Ecological Footprint per capita

  8. Energy Options Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) Hydropower Nuclear energy Solar energy Wind energy Geothermal energy Ocean (wave, tidal and ocean thermal) energy Biomass energy Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel) energy Hydrogen (fuel-cell) economy

  9. Wind Energy 3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota 5 turbines 600 kW power produced per turbine Total cost was Rs. 280 million in 2000s

  10. Wind Energy Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya - produces 250 W at 8 m/s wind speed - cost was Rs. 60,000/= - lifetime is 20 years - 12 m tall - powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a radio, and/or a television. - at peak wind times there is excess power that can be used to charge batteries.

  11. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic Power for Rural Homes In Sri Lanka

  12. Solar Energy - Thermal Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity. The 'right to dry' is specifically protected by the Florida legislation and similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.

  13. Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) How would development affect the percentages? Petroleum 43.3% Hydro 8.6% Biomass 48% Non-conventional <0.1% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  14. Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) How would coal power affect the percentages? Petroleum 43.3% Renewable Energy (Biomass, Hydro, Wind & Solar) 56.7% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  15. Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka (in million toe) Petroleum Biomass Hydro Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  16. Carbon dioxide emissions, Global warming and Climate change Global CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels & the manufacture of cement (in 109 kg CO2) Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/glo.html

  17. Carbon dioxide emissions, Global warming and Climate change CO2 concentration in the atmosphere (in ppmv) Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/siple2.013 and http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.html

  18. Peak Oil: Oil supply peak has been reached in many oil fields, such as Cantarell oil field (largest) in Mexico Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2008

  19. Law of Nature: When heat is converted into work in a machine, part of the heat energy must be wasted

  20. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells 7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel 7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hoursSolar Panel Warrantee: 10 yearsLantern Warrantee: 1 year Solar lantern About Rs 2500/=

  21. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Inorganic Solar Cells 2nd Generation Thin-film Bulk Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process, and it takes over two years for a conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the silicon it contains. Silicon is produced by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature around 1700 deg C. And, 1.5 tonnes of CO2 is emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced. 3rd Generation Materials Silicon Germanium Silicon CIS Amorphous Silicon CIGS Mono-crystalline CdTe Poly-crystalline Nonocrystalline Silicon GaAs Ribbon Light absorbing dyes

  22. IAEA2000

  23. IAEA2000

  24. Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) How dependent is development on electricity? Petroleum 33.8% Electricity 9.7% Biomass 56.5% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  25. HDI > 0.8 High per capita electricity consumption is required to reach super high HDI (>0.9). Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm

  26. HDI > 0.8 Unsustainable amount of per capita CO2 emissions are required to reach super high HDI (> 0.9) Sustainable limit Sources: http://hdrstats.undp.org/buildtables/rc_report.cfm

  27. Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Could we reduce the energy consumption in any sector? Industry 26.3% Transport 25.4% Household, Commercial and Others 48.1% Agriculture <0.1% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  28. Gigatonnes CO2-equivalent GHGs emissions per year LDV means Light Duty Vehicles Global transport greenhouse gas emissions by transport type (WBCSD, 2004)

  29. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s • - BRT system is different from conventional bus service. • - BRT run in dedicated lanes. • BRT have signal priority so they spend less time stopped at red lights. • Space for the busway is often re-allocated from existing traffic or parking lanes.

  30. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Curitiba (in Brazil) which pioneered BRT technology in the 1970s BRT board passengers through all doors after paying fares at station platforms. BRT buses move quickly through the city transporting 2 million people daily, which is 70% of the cities population. GDP per capita of Curitiba increased from 10% to 65% above the national average during 1980 to 1996.

  31. Paris created an individualized mass transit system called Vélib (“Freedom Bikes”).  $120 million

  32. William Kamkwamba of Malawi http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com

  33. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Eastgate centre (shopping centre and office block) at central Harare, Zimbabwe is modelled on local termite mounds and is ventilated and cooled entirely by natural means.

  34. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Super-grip gecko tape modelled after gecko’s feet

  35. Biomimicry (or Bionics) Fiber that can stop bullets is made from petroleum-derived molecules at high-pressure and high temperature with concentrated sulfuric acid. The energy input is extreme and the toxic byproducts are horrible. Spider makes equally strong and much tougher fiber at body temperature, without high pressures, heat, or corrosive acids. If we could act like the spider, we could take a soluble, renewable raw material and make a super-strong water-insoluble fiber with negligible energy inputs and no toxic outputs. Janine Benyus, 1997

  36. Biomimicry (or Bionics) We flew like a bird for the first time in 1903, and by 1914, we were dropping bombs from the sky. Perhaps in the end, it will not be a change in technology that will bring us to the biomimetic future, but a change of heart, a humbling that allows us to be attentive to nature's lessons. - Janine Benyus, 1997

  37. Power required to drive an electric car: Heat energy in coal (or oil) to Generation of steam to Mechanical power of the turbine to Generation of AC electricity to Transmission of AC electricity to DC electricity in battery to Mechanical power needed to drive the car Power required to drive a IC engine car: Heat energy in oil to Mechanical power needed to drive the car Which one would be more efficient when considering the heat energy of fuel needed to provide 1 unit of power to drive the car?

  38. But to answer your question Shanthini... I believe Electric Vehicles would be more efficient in the long run and definitely environmentally friendly, if the technology is explored and further researched.

  39. A way of life Gliricidia Sepium

  40. Additional Material

  41. Comparing Sri Lanka with USA

  42. For Sri Lanka Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

  43. For USA Source: http://www.footprintnetwork.org

  44. Renewable energy are flows of energy that are regenerative or virtually inexhaustible. - Dr. Raymond Wright Sustainable energy is energy which is replenishable within a human lifetime and causes no long-term damages to the environment. Source: http://www.jsdnp.org.jm/glossary.html

  45. Hydroelectric power • What are the problems with hydroelectric power? • barriers in the natural flow of a river prevents fish from migration, alters ecosystems, and threatens the livelihoods of local communities • the world's 52,000 largest dams release 104 million metric tons of methane (a greenhouse gas) annually • hydropower is not renewable, because reservoirs fill up with sediment and cost billions to dredge • failure of a dam will have catastrophic consequences • loss of land as well as flooding of areas such as natural habitats and existing settlements • The future generations must pay for destroying dams • Is it a sustainable form of energy?

  46. Hydroelectric power The Elwha Dam, a 33 m high dam on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state, is one of two huge dams built in the early 1900s and set to be removed in 2012. Removal of dam will restore the fish habitats, will create an additional 715 acres of terrestrial vegetation, and improve elk habitats. estimated cost $308 million ± 15%

  47. Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/

  48. HDI > 0.8 gives high HD Is there a cost for keep on increasing GDP per capita which gives only a marginal increase in HDI? Sources: Indicator Tables HDI 2008 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/hdi2008/

  49. Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in kilotonne oil equivalent) Petroleum 4,172.25 Biomass 4,626.13 Hydro 828.18 Non-conventional 3.91 Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

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