Sonorant Acoustics

1. Sonorant Acoustics March 24, 2009

2. Announcements and Such • Collect course reports • Give back homeworks • Hand out new course project guidelines

3. On the Horizon • Today: acoustics of sonorants • plus a perception experiment • Thursday: more sonorant and stop acoustics • plus an introduction to the motor theory of perception • Next Tuesday: • perception homework due • stop + fricative acoustics • Next Thursday: • Articulatory physiology • Static palatography demo

4. Vowels and Sonorants • So far, we’ve talked a lot about the acoustics of vowels: • Source: periodic openings and closings of the vocal folds. • Filter: characteristic resonant frequencies of the vocal tract (above the glottis) • Today, we’ll talk about the acoustics of sonorants: • Nasals • Laterals • Approximants • The source/filter characteristics of sonorants are similar to vowels… with a few interesting complications.

5. Obstruents and Sonorants • Sonorants are so called because they: • allow air to flow freely through vocal tract so that resonance (of voicing) is still possible • = consonants that resonate • In contrast, obstruents: • obstruct flow of air through the vocal tract so much that voicing is difficult to maintain • include stops, fricatives, affricates. • Sonorants do restrict the flow of air in the vocal tract more than vowels… • but not as much as obstruents.

6. Damping • One interesting acoustic property exhibited by (some) sonorants is damping. • Recall that resonance occurs when: • a sound wave travels through an object • that sound wave is reflected... • ...and reinforced, on a periodic basis • The periodic reinforcement sets up alternating patterns of high and low air pressure • = a standing wave

7. Resonance in a closed tube

8. Damping, schematized • In a closed tube: • With only one pressure pulse from the loudspeaker, the wave will eventually dampen and die out. • Why? • The walls of the tube absorb some of the acoustic energy, with each reflection of the standing wave.

9. Damping Comparison • A heavily damped wave wil die out more quickly... • Than a lightly damped wave:

10. Damping Factors • The amount of damping in a tube is a function of: • The volume of the tube • The surface area of the tube • The material of which the tube is made • More volume, more surface area = more damping • Think about the resonant characteristics of: • a Home Depot • a post-modern restaurant • a movie theater • an anechoic chamber

11. An Anechoic Chamber

12. Resonance and Recording • Remember: any room will reverberate at its characteristic resonant frequencies • Hence: high quality sound recordings need to be made in specially designed rooms which damp any reverberation • Examples: • Classroom recording (29 dB signal-to-noise ratio) • “Soundproof” booth (44 dB SNR) • Anechoic chamber (90 dB SNR)

13. Spectrograms classroom “soundproof” booth

14. Spectrograms anechoic chamber

15. Inside Your Nose • In nasals, air flows through the nasal cavities. • The resonating “filter” of nasal sounds therefore has: • increased volume • increased surface area •  increased damping • Note: • the exact size and shape of the nasal cavities varies wildly from speaker to speaker.

16. Damping Effects, part 1 • Damping by the nasal cavities decreases the overall amplitude of the sound coming out through the nose. [m] [m]

17. Damping Effects, part 2 • How might the power spectrum of an undamped wave: • Compare to that of a damped wave? • A: Undamped waves have only one component; • Damped waves have a broader range of components.

18. Here’s Why 100 Hz sinewave + 90 Hz sinewave + 110 Hz sinewave

19. The Result 90 Hz + 100 Hz + 110 Hz • If the 90 Hz and 110 Hz components have less amplitude than the 100 Hz wave, there will be less damping:

20. Damping Spectra light medium

21. Damping Spectra heavy • Damping increases the bandwidth of the resonating filter. • Bandwidth = the range of frequencies over which a filter will respond at .707 of its maximum output. •  Nasal formants will have a larger bandwidth than vowel formants.

22. Bandwidth in Spectrograms F3 of F3 of [m] The formants in nasals have increased bandwidth, in comparison to the formants in vowels.

23. Nasal Formants • The values of formant frequencies for nasal stops can be calculated according to the same formula that we used for to calculate formant frequencies for an open tube. • fn = (2n - 1) * c • 4L • The simplest case: uvular nasal . • The length of the tube is a combination of: • distance from glottis to uvula (9 cm) • distance from uvula to nares (12.5 cm) • An average tube length (for adult males): 21.5 cm

24. The Math 12.5 cm • fn = (2n - 1) * c • 4L • L = 21.5 cm • c = 35000 cm/sec • F1 = 35000 • 86 • = 407 Hz • F2 = 1221 Hz • F3 = 2035 Hz 9 cm

25. The Real Thing • Check out Peter’s production of an uvular nasal in Praat. • Note: the higher formants are low in amplitude • Some reasons why: • Overall damping • “Nare-rounding” reduces intensity • Resonance is lost in the side passages of the sinuses. • Nasal stops with fronter places of articulation also have anti-formants.

26. Anti-Formants • For nasal stops, the occlusion in the mouth creates a side cavity. • This side cavity resonates at particular frequencies. • These resonances absorb acoustic energy in the system. • They form anti-formants

27. Anti-Formant Math • Anti-formant resonances are based on the length of the vocal tract tube. • For [m], this length is about 8 cm. 8 cm • fn = (2n - 1) * c • 4L L = 8 cm AF1 = 35000 / 4*8 = 1094 Hz AF2 = 3281 Hz etc.

28. Spectral Signatures • In a spectrogram, acoustic energy lowers--or drops out completely--at the anti-formant frequencies. anti-formants

29. Nasal Place Cues • At more posterior places of articulation, the “anti-resonating” tube is shorter. •  anti-formant frequencies will be higher. • for [n], L = 5.5 cm • AF1 = 1600 Hz • AF2 = 4800 Hz • for , L = 3.3 cm • AF1 = 2650 Hz • for , L = 2.3 cm • AF1 = 3700 Hz

30. [m] vs. [n] [m] [e] [n] [o] AF1 (n) AF1 (m) • Production of [meno], by a speaker of Tsonga • Tsonga is spoken in South Africa and Mozambique

31. Nasal Stop Acoustics: Summary • Here’s the general pattern of what to look for in a spectrogram for nasals: • Periodic voicing. • Overall amplitude lower than in vowels. • Formants (resonance). • Formants have broad bandwidths. • Low frequency first formant. • Less space between formants. • Higher formants have low amplitude.

32. Perceiving Nasal Place • Nasal “murmurs” do not provide particularly strong cues to place of articulation. • Can you identify the following as [m], [n] or ? • Repp (1986) found that listeners can only distinguish between [n] and [m] 72% of the time. • Transitions provide important place cues for nasals. • Repp (1986): 95% of nasals identified correctly when presented with the first 10 msec of the following vowel. • Can you identify these nasal + transition combos?

33. Nasalized Vowel Acoustics • Remember: vowels are often nasalized next to a nasal stop. • This can obscure formant transitions. • The acoustics of nasalized vowels are very complex. • They include: • Formants for oral tract. • Formants for nasal tract. • Anti-formants for nasal passageway. • Plus: • Larger bandwidths • Lower overall amplitude

34. Nasal Vowel Movie

35. Chinantec • The Chinantec language contrasts two degrees of nasalization on vowels. • Chinantec is spoken near Oaxaca, Mexico. • Check out the X-ray video evidence….

36. Oral vs. Partly Nasal • Note: extra formants + expanded bandwidth… • Tends to smear all resonances together in the frequency dimension.

37. Partly vs. Wholly Nasal

38. !Xoo Oral and Nasal Vowels

39. Nasal Vowel Acoustics • The smearing of vowel formants can obscure F1 (vowel height) differences • high vowels sound low • low vowels sound high • Note: American South “pen” vs. “pin” • French: [le] vs. • [lo] vs.

40. http://www.kayelemetrics.com/Product%20Info/6400/6400.htm Nasometer • A tool which has been developed for studying the nasalization of vowels (and other segments) is the Nasometer. • The Nasometer uses two microphones to measure airflow through both the mouth and nose at the same time.

41. More Nasometer • The Nasometer spits out readings of the amount of air flowing out of the nose and the mouth at the same time. • nasal vowels: concomitant airflow through both mouth and nose • nasal stops: airflow only through nose