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Child Growth in Bangladesh: An Introduction. Presentor Dr. Md. Ayub Ali Professor Department of Statistics University of Rajshahi Rajshahi 6205 Email: ayubali67@yahoo.com. Outline. Definition Stages in Child Growth Morphometrics Growth Chart Growth Indices Biological Parameters
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Child Growth in Bangladesh:An Introduction Presentor Dr. Md. Ayub Ali Professor Department of Statistics University of Rajshahi Rajshahi 6205 Email: ayubali67@yahoo.com
Outline • Definition • Stages in Child Growth • Morphometrics • Growth Chart • Growth Indices • Biological Parameters • Growth Models • Growth Failure • Conclusion
Definition of Growth A physical change, usually resulting from either an increase in cell number or cell size.
Morphometrics (Length) • Body Height (or Recumbent Length), Sitting Height, Estimated Leg Length, Thigh Length, Calf Length, Arm Span, Shoulder-Elbow Length, Elbow-Wrist Length, Hand Length, Forearm-Hand Length, Head Height, Head Length, etc.
Morphometrics (Breadth) • Biacromial Breadth, Chest Breadth, Chest Depth, Biiliac Breadth, Bitrochanteric Breadth, Knee Breadth, Ankle Breadth, Elbow Breadth, Wrist Breadth, Head Breadth, etc.
Morphometrics (Circumference) • Head Circumference, Minimal Neck Circumference, Shoulder Circumference, Chest Circumference, Weist Circumference, Abdominal Circumference, Hip (Buttock) Circumference, Proximal Thigh Circumference, Mid-Thigh Circumference, Distal-Thigh Circumference, Calf Circumference, Ankle Circumference, Arm Circumference,
Growth Charts • Look at any class picture, and you'll see kids of the same age in all shapes and sizes. Some kids look tiny next to their peers, while others literally stand head and shoulders above their classmates. • As easy as it is to make these comparisons and to draw conclusions about what you see, the reality is that kids grow at their own pace. Big, small, tall, short — there is a wide range of healthy shapes and sizes among children. • Genetics, gender, nutrition, physical activity, health problems, environment, hormones, and lifestyle factors like nutrition and physical activity all influence a child's height and weight. And many of these factors can vary widely from family to family. • So how does a doctor figure out whether a child's height and weight measurements are "normal"? Whether he or she is developing on track? Whether any health problems are affecting growth? • A doctor uses growth charts to help answer those questions. Here are some facts about growth charts and what they say about a child's health.
Why Do Doctors Use Growth Charts? • Growth charts are a standard part of any checkup, and they show health care providers how kids are growing compared with other kids of the same age and gender. They also allow doctors and nurses to see the pattern of kids' height and weight gain over time, and whether they're developing proportionately. • Let's say a child was growing along the same pattern until he was 2 years old, then suddenly started growing at a much slower rate than other kids. That might indicate a health problem. Doctors could see that by looking at a growth chart.
If a Growth Chart Shows a Different Pattern, Is There a Problem? • Not necessarily. The doctor will interpret the growth charts in the context of the child's overall well-being, environment, and genetic background. • Is the child meeting other developmental milestones? • Are there other signs that a child is not healthy? • How tall or heavy are the child's parents and siblings? • Was the child born prematurely? • Has the child started puberty earlier or later than average? • These are all factors that the doctor will use to help understand the numbers on the growth chart.
Are All Kids Measured on One Growth Chart? • No. Girls and boys are measured on different growth charts because they grow in different patterns and at different rates. • And one set of charts is used for babies, from birth to 36 months. • Another set of charts is used for kids ages 2 to 20 years old. • Also, special growth charts are used for children with certain conditions, such as Down syndrome.
Commonly used standard growth charts include • Ages birth to 36 months (3 years):Boys' length- and weight-for-ageGirls' length- and weight-for-ageGirls' head circumference-for-age and weight-for-lengthBoys' head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length • Ages 2 to 20 years:Girls' stature- and weight-for-ageBoys' stature- and weight-for-ageGirls ' weight-for-stature (height)Boys' weight-for-stature (height)
What Measurements Are Put on Growth Charts? • Up until the time babies are 36 months old, doctors measure weight, length, and head circumference. • With older kids, doctors measure weight, height, and body mass index (BMI). It's important to look at and compare weight and height measurements to get a full picture of a child's growth.
Why Is Head Circumference Measured? • In babies, head circumference (the distance around the largest part of the head) can provide clues about brain development. If a baby's head is bigger or smaller than most other kids' or the head circumference stops increasing or increases quickly, it may indicate a problem. • For example, an unusually large head may be a sign of hydrocephalus, a buildup of fluid inside the brain. A head that's smaller than average may be a sign that the brain is not developing properly or has stopped growing.
What Are Percentiles? • Percentiles are measurements that show where a child is compared with others. On the growth charts, the percentiles are shown as lines drawn in curved patterns. • When doctors plot a child's weight and height on the chart, they see which percentile line those measurements land on. • The higher the percentile number, the bigger a child is compared with other kids of the same age and gender, whether it's for height or weight; the lower the percentile number, the smaller the child is. For example, if a 4-year-old boy's weight is in the 10th percentile, that means that 10% of boys that age weigh less than he does and 90% of 4-year-old boys weigh more.
What's the Ideal Percentile for My Child? • There is no one ideal number. Healthy children come in all shapes and sizes, and a baby who is in the 5th percentile can be just as healthy as a baby who is in the 95th percentile. • Ideally, each child will follow along the same growth pattern over time, growing in height and gaining weight at the same rate, with the height and weight in proportion to one another. This means that usually a child stays on a certain percentile line on the growth curve. So if our 4-year-old boy on the 10th percentile line has always been on that line, he is continuing to grow along his pattern, which is a good sign.
What Could Signal a Problem? A few different growth chart patterns might signal a health problem, such as: • When a child's weight or height percentile changes from a certain pattern it's been following. For example: If height and weight consistently are on the 60th percentile line until a child is 5 years old, then the height has dropped to the 30th percentile at age 6, that might indicate that there's a growth problem because the child is not following his or her previous growth pattern. Many kids may show changes in growth percentiles at certain points in development, when it's normal for growth rates to vary more from child to child. This is particularly common during infancy and puberty.
What Could Signal a Problem? • When kids don't get taller at the same rate at which they're gaining weight. Let's say a boy's height is in the 40th percentile and his weight is in the 85th percentile. (So he's taller than 40% of kids his age, but weighs more than 85% of kids his age.) That might be a problem. On the other hand, if he's in the 85th percentile for height and weight and follows that pattern consistently over time, that usually means that he's a normal child who's just larger than average.
Growth Chart Explained • While all children grow at different rates, there are some guidelines that can help you identify if your child falls within the normal range, or if you need to be at all concerned.
Typical Growth Rates for Children • One of the stages of child development that parents eagerly anticipate is the first year of a child’s life. This is a time of rapid physical growth and development when noticeable changes are seen from week to week. Infants tend to grow approximately 10 inches in this year, and have usually tripled their birth weight by the time they reach their first birthday. Because this stage is characterized by such rapid growth, parents often get somewhat concerned when this growth drastically slows down in the years to follow.
Typical Growth Rates for Children • Even more concerning is that this decrease in growth rate often coincides with a slump in appetite as the body does not need as much energy. And so it is not uncommon for parents to suddenly become concerned as first their child loses interest in food with a decreased appetite, and now it seems they have stopped growing!
Typical Growth Rates for Children • This fairly drastic decline in growth rate is normal and you can expect to see a decline as your infant enters the toddler years. From the age of 2 to 3 years you can expect your child to grow fairly steadily at a rate of about 2 inches per year all the way until adolescence. Keep in mind that this growth may happen during growth spurt intervals and is not a steady rate for many children.
Stature for Bangladeshi Male Children, n=<162(Data from Rajshahi District)
Growth Indices 540 = Obese 290 = Emaciated 400 = Normal 200 = Starving 360 = Thin Livi’s Weight-Height Index (1898): Quetelet’s Index (1836) or Bouchard’s Index (1897): Rohrer’s Body Build Index (1908):
Manouvrier’s Index of Body Build (Indice Skelique): Index of Morphological Equilibrium:
Brachycormic ..…….…… Below 51 Metriocormic ...…….…… [51, 53) Macrocormic ....………… 53 and over Pirquet’s Index of Body Build (Pelidisi): Cormic Index: Malnutrition ..……...…… Up to 95 Normal nutrition …...…… 95 to 100 Overfed …….....………… 100 and over
Spehl’s Vital Index: Demeny’s Vital Index:
Brugsch’s Chest-Stature Index: Narroe chest ..……...…… Up to 51Average chest ... …...…… 51.1 to 55.9Wide chest …....………… 56.0 and over Pignet’s Coefficient of Robusticity: Under 10 = Very sturdy 11 to 15 = Sturdy 16 to 20 = Good 21 to 25 = Average 26 to 30 = Weak 31 to 35 = Very weak Over 35 = Poor
Biological Parameters • Age at take-off (for Early Childhood) • Age at take-off (for Mid-Childhood) • Age at take-off (for Adolescent) • Age at Peak Velocity (for Early Childhood) • Age at Peak Velocity (for Mid-Childhood) • Age at Peak Velocity (for Adolescent) • Age at Final Stature • Stature at take-off (for Early Childhood) • Stature at take-off (for Mid-Childhood) • Stature at take-off (for Adolescent) • Stature at Peak Velocity (for Early Childhood) • Stature at Peak Velocity (for Mid-Childhood) • Stature at Peak Velocity (for Adolescent) • Final Stature • Velocity at take-off (for Early Childhood) • Velocity at take-off (for Mid-Childhood) • Velocity at take-off (for Adolescent) • Velocity at Peak Velocity (for Early Childhood) • Velocity at Peak Velocity (for Mid-Childhood) • Velocity at Peak Velocity (for Adolescent) • Velocity at Final Stature
