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Alternative Transportation

Alternative Transportation. Unit 11. Use Policy. This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786.

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Alternative Transportation

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  1. Alternative Transportation Unit 11 Source:

  2. Use Policy • This material was developed by Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College, with funding from the National Science Foundation as part of ATE Grant No. 0802786. • All materials in this presentation are designed and intended for educational use, only. They may not be used for any publication or commercial purposes. Source:

  3. Author, Editors/Reviewers • Author: Timothy J. Wilhelm, P.E., Kankakee Community College • Editors/Reviewers / Modifiers: • Chris Miller Heartland Community College Source:

  4. Objectives • Students will be able to describe and discuss, in simple terms, an example of a more efficient “ICE” vehicle. • Students will be able to describe and discuss, in simple terms, an example of an electric-drive vehicle. Source:

  5. Objectives • Students will be able to describe and discuss, in simple terms, an example of a compressed-air-drive vehicle. • Students will be able to describe and discuss, in simple terms, an example of an advanced mass-transportation technique. Source:

  6. What is “Transportation” “Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Throughout history, the economic wealth and military power of a people or a nation have been closely tied to efficient methods of transportation. Transportation provides access to natural resources and promotes trade, allowing a nation to accumulate wealth and power. Transportation also allows the movement of soldiers, equipment, and supplies so that a nation can wage war.”

  7. What is “Transportation?” • In this context, the word “transportation” is assumed to imply any means of movement other than an individual human in the act of moving himself or herself via walking, running, or jumping. • In this context, the word “transportation” is assumed to imply the use of devices or machines to move people and goods from one location to another.

  8. What is “Transportation?” • Transportation “devices or machines” can move goods and personnel over… • land, • water, • or through the air. • The “device or machine” just needs to get them from one place to another.

  9. What is “Transportation?” • Movement of people and goods is the movement of mass over a given distance… • Mass x Acceleration = Force • Force x Distance = Work, or ENERGY • Transportation “devices or machines” are ENERGY CONVERTERS. • Most of the time this involves burning fuels – converting stored chemical energy into mechanical energy.

  10. “Alternative Transportation?” • “Alternative Transportation” is about finding new ways to affect the necessary movement of people and goods, using less (or no) fossil fuels as the primary energy source. • “Alternative Transportation” implies improvements in vehicle design that will… • conserve fossil fuels (add efficiency); • use renewable fuels • Eliminate the need for fuels

  11. Ground Transportation • Walking is the earliest and most readily available form of ground transportation. • Improvements and efficiencies can be made! Source: http://www.newscientist.com/blog/shortsharpscience/uploaded_images/walking_small-721973.jpg

  12. Ground Transportation • Walking places stresses on knee and hip joints. • Walking places huge stresses on feet, and abrasion can lead to blistering and open sores. • High tech shoes reduce stresses and add mileage. • “Nordic” hiking sticks reduce the effective weight-load on ankle, knee and hip joints is said to be reduced by up to 30% (being debated and studied). Source: http://munfitnessblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/walk-in-group.jpg

  13. One of the best reasons to enjoy modern, Nordic walking… Source: http://jhschmitt.itravelhq.com/images/booktravel/outdoors.jpg

  14. Ground Transportation • Animal assisted, wheeled vehicles are still in very wide use today, throughout the world, as is using animals themselves as vehicles. Source: http://www.hartytoursegypt.com/img/img_special/specials_camel.jpg

  15. “What is the most energy efficient ground-transportation machine?” • The bicycle is the world’s most efficient form of transportation, available today…calories in (food) vs. miles traveled. Source: http://criticalmass.dixxo.com/staticmedia/1437_p1050366_medium.jpg

  16. Source: http://i239.photobucket.com/albums/ff235/masterofthemall/from%20the%20street/lol_2.jpg

  17. Source: http://img221.imageshack.us/img221/4516/87131072vt6.jpg

  18. Source: http://dl.ziza.ru/other/042007/11/logistic/07_logistic_34859.jpg

  19. Recumbent Bicycles Source: http://www.bustedspoke.com/ImagesNews/bsNews2391.jpg

  20. Recumbent Bicycles

  21. 3-Way-Powered Recumbent Trike

  22. Beyond the Bicycle • Beyond the bicycle, most of our conventional transportation machines are powered by ICE – Internal Combustion Engines – that consume conventional, petroleum-based fuels. • Most of our conventional transportation machines are designed for small-scale, individualized transport and commuting. • This is more schedule-flexible and allows the most individual freedom. • From a societal perspective, this is the most energy Inefficient.

  23. Peak Oil Problem and Modern Transportation

  24. Making “ICE” More Efficient Source: http://www.ridelust.com/wp-content/uploads/Smart-Car.jpg

  25. Making “ICE” More Efficient Source: http://img1.qq.com/auto/pics/10635/10635319.jpg

  26. Making “ICE” More Efficient Source: http://www.ize.hu/_files/pics/00002/00002412.jpg

  27. Alternate Fuels for ICE Vehicles • Alcohol fuels (Ethanol and Methanol) • Require greater fuel:air ratio. Alcohols have “built-in” O2. • Compression ratio can be increased. Alcohols have a higher “Octane.” • Ethanol has about 56% the energy density of gasoline. • Methanol has about 85% the energy density of Ethanol.

  28. Alternate Fuels for ICE Vehicles • Bio-diesel • Bio-diesel has about 79% the energy density of petro-diesel. • Little or no engine conversion required. • LNG and LPG • LPG has about 78% the energy density of gasoline. • LNG has about 85% the energy density of LPG. • Both have higher octane ratings than gasoline. • Both require a special engine-conversion kit.

  29. Alternate Fuels for ICE Vehicles • Hydrogen Combustion • Liquefied hydrogen has about 25% the energy density of gasoline…OUCH! • Very difficult to store • Transfer losses • Transport losses • Overall infrastructure and system efficiencies are very low • Very Clean Burning!

  30. Hybrids vs. Plug-in Hybrids vs. EVs • Hybrid automobiles are primarily ICE-driven, with a small battery pack and an electric-motor assist. • ICE shuts off at stop light. • Electric motor drive vehicle up to hi-teens to lo-20s mph, and then ICE kicks in. • Two separate drive trains. • Lots of computer power!

  31. Hybrids vs. Plug-in Hybrids vs. EVs • EV = Electric Vehicle, and implies battery-powered • Large battery pack – often up to an over 100VDC. • Large electric motor. • Solid-state, PWM controller. • Dynamic braking. • Limited range. • No waste heat available for winter!!! • “Stealth” silent running…require back-up beeper! • Charge overnight in the garage.

  32. 2009 Tesla Raodster Source: http://motorcrave.frsucrave.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/tesla-roadster.jpg

  33. The Corbin Sparrow Source: http://cache.gawker.com/assets/images/12/2006/05/smallish_corbin_sparrow_new.jpg

  34. Electric Vehicle Conversions

  35. Ford Ranger-EV Source: http://www.blogcdn.com/green.autoblog.com/media/2008/07/ford-ranger-ev-o-ebay-1.jpg

  36. Ford Focus Genovation

  37. Two-Wheeled EVs Source: http://www.treehugger.com/electric-motorcycle-photo-01.jpg Source: http://walyou.com/img/electric_motorcycle_gprs_eboxer.jpg

  38. New “Battery” Technology

  39. Hybrids vs. Plug-in Hybrids vs. EVs • Plug-in Hybrids • Just a battery-based electric vehicle, BUT… • Has an on-board, fuel-fired engine-generator set. • Only ONE drive train. • The engine-generator set strictly charges the batteries on-the-fly, extending the effective range of the vehicle. • Most manufacturers have been working on plug-in hybrids, BUT…

  40. The Chevy Volt Source: http://www.dashboardnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/chevy-volt-concept-07.jpg

  41. The Fisker Karma Source: http://go635254.s3.amazonaws.com/gas2/files/2009/09/fisker-karma006.jpg

  42. Compressed Air Car! Source: http://www.ecologie.tv/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/mdi-citycats.jpg

  43. More Efficiency with Mass Ground Transportation! • Rail transport is widely used in other parts of the world, due to its greater energy and cost efficiency. • The latest in hi-tech rail is the “Mag-Lev” train.

  44. Water Transportation Source: http://www.samhitacg.com/images/Schooner%20.jpg

  45. Water Transportation Source: http://www.superyachttimes.com/articles/Image/Companies/Aeroyacht/2009-06-Aeroyacht-110/Aeroyacht-110-02.jpg

  46. Water Transportation Source: http://messingaboutinboats.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c05bf53ef0134802a6ebc970c-320wi

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