Evaluation of Silicon Photomultiplier Arrays for the GlueX Barrel Calorimeter

1. Evaluation of Silicon Photomultiplier Arrays for the GlueX Barrel Calorimeter Carl Zorn Radiation Detector & Medical Imaging Group Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA On behalf of the GlueX Collaboration www.gluex.org 2009 NSS/MIC Symposium, Orlando, Fl Thursday, October 29, 2009

2. Jefferson Laboratory Under construction www.jlab.org D A C B 2

3. 12 GeV upgrade – GlueX experiment www.jlab.org/12GeV Study excited gluonic meson states 3

4. Photodetectors in Strong Magnetic Field SciFi●Lead Calorimeter 4 meter length 48 sectors 2.2 Tesla 4

5. Two companies: Hamamatsu and SensL Arrays (4x4) of 3mm2 cells Size ~ 13 x 13 mm2 Gain > 106 Insensitive to B-fields Dark rate ~ 100 MHz Operation depends on temperature Hamamatsu H8409-70 1.5” PMT: R7761-70 Photocathode D = 27mm 19 stages Max. anode I = 10mA Gain ~ 3x106 (0.5 T) Dark rate ~ 0.5 kHz Chosen Photodetectors • Fine Mesh PMTs (FM) • Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) SensL Hamamatsu 5

6. Readout Setups Option 1 Option 2 • FM PMT Option: • Inner: 3x3 FM PMTs • Outer: 2x2 FM PMTs (1,248) • SiPM Option: • Inner: 6x4 SiPMs (2,304) • Outer: 2x2 FM PMTs (384) SiPMs: Sum in 3’s to electronics 6

7. Readout Setups • Full SiPM Option: • Inner: 6x4 SiPMs • Outer: 2x2x4 SiPMs (3,840) Option 3 SiPMs: Sum in 3’s to electronics 7

8. Original Prototype Arrays Hamamatsu SensL 18 mm 13 mm 16 mm Array Size: 13 x 13 mm2 Active area: 2.85 x 2.85 x 16 mm2 (75%) Cell: 3.15 x 3.15 mm2 Pixel Count: 3640 x 16 (35 μm) Array Size: 16 x 18 mm2 Active Area: 3x3x16 mm2 (50%) Cell: 3.85 x 3.85 mm2 Pixel Count: 3600 x 16 (50 μm) 8

9. Sample Pulses Hamamatsu 200 ns SensL 200 ns 9

10. Amplitude Distribution – SensL – Type 1 10

11. Amplitude Distribution – Hamamatsu 11

12. Amplitude Distribution – SensL– Type 2 “Dead” channels 12

13. X Amplitude Distribution – SensL– Type 2 “Dead” channels 13

14. Effect of excessive bias in Hamamatsu MPPC 50 μm @ Vop 50 μm @ Vop + 1.0 v 14

15. Effect of Bias on Noise (SensL) Overbias = +2 v Overbias = +4 v 15

16. Temperature & Stability • At Constant Overbias Gain independent of Temperature • Same goes for PDE • Gain varies rapidly with Overbias (1-4 volts) • Output Response strongly dependent upon Temperature • Temperature should be stable for Stable Output • Dark Rate dependent upon Overbias • Dark Rate decreases rapidly with decreasing Temperature • Dark Rate can be improved with Temperature Control 16

17. PDE/Dark Rate Requirements Set by minimum detection threshold of Eγ = 60 MeV 17

18. PDE/Dark Rate Requirements Hamamatsu 50 μm Hamamatsu 25 μm 18

19. PDE/Dark Rate Requirements SensL 20 & 35 μm 19

20. PDE/Dark Rate Requirements SensL 35 μm 20

21. Performance Extrapolatedto 5°C SensL 35 μm 21

22. In Summary  What We’re Getting Hamamatsu SensL Temperature dependent 22

23. BCAL Readout Modules SensLHamamatsu Power Connector SiPM SMA Output Connector Peltier Cell Power Connector Preamp PCB Cold Plate Preamp PCB Control PCB Hot Plate 23

24. Temperature Stabilization of SiPM arrays 24

25. Option for HamamatsuControl Gain during Temperature Variations 25

26. First Signals from Hamamatsu Unit Source – fast blue LED OuputRisetime – 13-14 ns Output Width – 75 ns Low amplitude – 18 mV High amplitude – 2.2 V 26

27. Array Evaluation Plan • Scan all elements of arrays to verify full operation • Relative PDE measurements • Compare arrays of both vendors • Verify operation at cooled temperature (SensL) • accelerated tests to simulate long-term stability • verification of radiation tolerance (< 1 krad) For GlueX< 2 Gy/10 yrs 27

28. In Summary • Converging to Final Detector Selection  compare final prototypes under equivalent conditions • For Hamamatsu  need temperature stabilization  gain control thru thermistor feedback as possible option • For SensL  must be cooled  this will also provide stabilization  cooling will allow for higher PDE/gain • Final selection tests to be completed by end of Jan/2010 for final technology decision (SiPMvsFineMesh PMT) 28

30. Backup Slides

31. Readout Configurations FM PMT Option SiPM/FM Option B1

32. Original Prototype Array Packages Hamamatsu SensL B2

33. SPMA-16 – Problem channels Ch. 12 Ch. 16 200 ns Gate B3

34. Scanning Setup Aperture (2.5 mm ) X/Y scanner SiPM LEDs diffuser B4

35. Initial Alignment Setup Aperture (5 mm ) Penta prism SiPM Sighting scope B5

36. Emission spectrum from scintillating fiber 520 nm 470 nm Kuraray SCSF-78 B6

37. Energy resolution Set requirements for showers at center of Bcal module B7

38. Gain vs Temperature Vbr as temp. decreases Ref: Lightfoot et al., J. Inst., Oct. 2008 B8

39. Dark Rate vs Temperature Ref: Lightfoot et al., J. Inst., Oct. 2008 B9

40. New Ceramic-base SensL Array B10

41. New Ceramic-base SensL Array B11

42. Ceramic-base Hamamatsu Array B12

43. Ceramic-base Hamamatsu Array B13

44. Effect of Irradiation B14

45. Gamma Irradiation 40 Gy For GlueX => < 2 Gy/10 yrs B15

46. GlueX BCAL spec sheet B16