History Revolutions Online Lesson # 1: 6/03/2014

1. History Revolutions Online Lesson #1: 6/03/2014 Aim: This class will focus on your upcoming SAC. We will look at: The requirements of the SAC How to gather and organise information How to write detailed paragraph responses Historiography Mary and Matt will be here to answer your questions – you will also have a chance to interact with other members of the class online (if you wish to!).

2. What do you want to achieve today? Write your responses on this page

3. Quiz It’s quiz time! Ten short questions – let’s see how you go!

4. Quiz • Which of the following groups represented the largest proportion of the population of 18th century France • The bourgeoisie • The peasantry • The town/city workers (Artisans) • The nobility

5. Quiz • Which of the following groups had grown substantially (in size and wealth) over the course of the 18th century? • The bourgeoisie • The nobility • The clergy • The royal family

6. Quiz • Who was the Director General (treasurer) of France who first suggested calling the Assembly of Notables? • Jacques Necker • Charles Alexandre de Calonne • Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne • Louis XVI

7. Quiz 4. Which of the following series of events are listed in the correct order • Reforms sent to the Paris Parlement by Brienne; Assembly of Notables called by Calonne; Aristocratic Revolt; the Estates General called • Assembly of Notables called by Calonne; Reforms sent to the Paris Parlement by Brienne; the Estates General called; Aristocratic Revolt; • Assembly of Notables called by Calonne; Reforms sent to the Paris Parlement by Brienne; Aristocratic Revolt; the Estates General called • Reforms sent to the Paris Parlement by Brienne; Assembly of Notables called by Calonne; the Estates General called; Aristocratic Revolt

8. Quiz • Which Estate ended up having the most representatives (deputies) attending the meeting of the Estates General? • The First Estate • The Second Estate • The Third Estate • All three Estates had the same

9. Quiz • Which Estate was entitled to the most votes at the meeting of the Estates General? • The First Estate • The Second Estate • The Third Estate • All three Estates had the same

10. Quiz • What were the Cahiers de Doleances? • Lists of grievances drawn up by the First and Second Estates • Lists of grievances drawn up by the Third Estate • Lists of grievances drawn up by all Three Estates • Formal letters addressed to the King

11. Quiz • Which of the following series of events are listed in the correct order • Opening of the Estates General; Cahiers de Doleances drawn up; Declaration of the National Assembly; Tennis Court Oath;. • Cahiers de Doleances drawn up; Opening of the Estates General; Tennis Court Oath; Declaration of the National Assembly. • Opening of the Estates General; Cahiers de Doleances drawn up; Tennis Court Oath; Declaration of the National Assembly;. • Cahiers de Doleances drawn up; Opening of the Estates General; Declaration of the National Assembly; Tennis Court Oath.

12. Quiz • What does ‘doubling the Third’ refer to? • The growth of the population of the Third Estate throughout the 18th century • The doubling of the Bourgeoisie throughout the 18th century • The proposal to double the Third Estates representation at the Estates General • The proposal to double the amount of tax the Third Estate needed to pay

13. Quiz • Which of the following series of events are listed in the correct order • The king ordered extra soldiers to move to Paris; the King dismissed Jacques Necker; the Parisian crowd attack Les Invalides (a military hospital); the Parisian crowd attacked the Bastille. • The King dismissed Jacques Necker; The king ordered extra soldiers to move to Paris; the Parisian crowd attack Les Invalides (a military hospital); the Parisian crowd attacked the Bastille. • The King dismissed Jacques Necker; the Parisian crowd attack Les Invalides (a military hospital); The king ordered extra soldiers to move to Paris; the Parisian crowd attacked the Bastille. • The king ordered extra soldiers to move to Paris; the Parisian crowd attack Les Invalides (a military hospital); the King dismissed Jacques Necker; the Parisian crowd attacked the Bastille.

14. SAC • You should have received your instructions from your supervisor for PART A: Preparatory Research Task. If you have not, let your teacher know IMMEDIATELY. • You have this week and next week to complete your research. We will give you some tips on how to take and organise your notes today. • You will sit the SAC in week 7 – the week beginning 17 March. This is when you write paragraph answers. We look at how to write these later. • Your supervisor must send your SAC, your research notes and your bibliography to your teacher on/before by 21 March • Your notes are not marked, but your bibliography will be.

15. Marking Rubric – Outcome 1

16. Which events have you selected?

17. Which events have you selected? • Necker’s compterendu – February 1781 • The May Edicts – 8 May 1788 • The calling of the Estates General – 8 August 1788 • Réveillon Riots – 27-28 April 1789 • Formation of the National Assembly – 17 June 1789 • The Tennis Court Oath – 20 June 1789 • Storming of the Bastille – 14 July 1789 • Night of ‘patriotic delirium’ – 4 August 1789 • Not sure yet…

18. Revision Table

19. Questions to think about? • What caused the calling of Estates General? • What effect did the Estates General have? • Who was responsible for the Estates General? • How did the calling of the Estates General impact upon the Third Estate? • How do historians see the Estates General? You are going to need to know about MUCH more than just two events!

20. Why Context is important – The calling of the Estates General • CompteRendu • Necker dismissed; Calonne appointed • Assembly of Notables called; failed to agree with reforms • Calonne dismissed: Brienne appointed • Reforms sent to Parlement of Paris: Parlement rejects them and is exiled • Parlement of Paris recalled • Royal session of the Paris Parlement: Attempt to forcibly pass reforms • Paris Parlement declares ‘Fundamental Laws of Kingdom’ • The May Edicts: All Parlements are stripped of their powers • The Aristocratic revolt begins • Riots in Rennes • Clergy vote to provide a very small ‘Don gratuit’ to the King • The Day of Tiles in Grenoble • BRIENNE CAPITULATES AND CALLS THE ESTATES GENERAL

21. Why Context is important – The calling of the Estates General • BRIENNE CAPITULATES AND CALLS THE ESTATES GENERAL • Brienne Resigns and is replaced by Jacques Necker • The Paris Parlement demands that the EG votes by order (split between the 1-2 & 3 Estates) • Abbe Sieyes publishes ‘What is the Third Estate?’ • Louis XVI orders the compilation of the Cahiers de doleances • The Reveillon Riots breakout in Paris • The EG begins • The Third Estate deputies adopt the title of the National Assembly • The NA swear the Tennis Court Oath • Louis XVI recognises the NA • Louis XVI orders troops to Paris and dismisses Jacques Necker • The Storming of the Bastille

22. Questions to think about? • What caused the calling of Estates General? • What effect did the Estates General have? • Who was responsible for the Estates General? • How did the calling of the Estates General impact upon the Third Estate? • How do historians see the Estates General? You are going to need to know about MUCH more than just two events!

23. Historiography History is a dialogue – a sometimes contentious one . . . – between the historian and the past, among historians of the same and different generations, between a writer and his readers, between a teacher and her students. Paul R Hanson (2009). Contesting the French Revolution. Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex, UK. Historians often disagree about the meaning of events. They develop their own interpretations about events. These can and do change over time. As Adcock (2013, pp. 60-61) put it: ‘. . . While the events of the French Revolution have not changed since they occurred, the interpretation has varied dramatically from historian to historian.’ • You should aim to research 2-3 different historian’s interpretations of the events you have chosen for the research SAC

24. Historiography

25. Example – The impact of the philosophes in creating a revolutionary situation Historians have debated whether the work of these writers was a contributing factor in the outburst of revolutionary energy of 1788 and 1789. The interpretations below are set out in Fenwick and Anderson (p.p. 66-7): • Doyle and Rudé agree that Enlightenment publications were widely disseminated and popular reading material that provided a language for political discussions and thereby, for the criticism that led to the revolution. • Soboul argues that the Enlightenment ideas undermined the established social order and increased the bourgeoisie’s consciousness of itself as a separate class. • McPhee argues that the Enlightenment ideas symbolised a crisis of authority and a wider political discussion of the social order. • Darnton argues that while people did buy Enlightenment authors, they preferred scandal and pornography, which may have contributed to the revolutionary situation by undermining the public’s respect for the ancienrégime.

26. How do you identify historians? • Use your course book and the text book for ideas. For example, some historians’ views of the significance of the Cahiers de Doléances are discussed p. 5.7 of the course book. • Use the list of recommended reading in the SAC instructions. • Usethe index to a book to hone in on a topic if you can’t find information about it in the course book or text book. • Get ideas about which historians have engaged in historiographical debate about your events from the footnotes of your text book or websites. • You need to research 2-3 historians. • While the historians will be different, their interpretations may/may not be.

27. How to include historiography To introduce an historian: Doyle argues . . . Doyle suggested that . . . According to Doyle, . . . To introduce a different opinion: On the other hand, Rudé argues . . . In contrast, Rudé argues . . . Alternatively, Rudé argues . . . Doyle challenged Rudé‘s argument, suggesting instead that . . . To introduce an historian who agrees with another/expands on their work: Similarly, McPhee argues . . . In line with Doyle, McPhee argues . . . Taylor supported Cobban, arguing that . . . Farge has taken Maza’s view further, arguing that . . .

28. Where will you go for info?