Mayer - World History - Age of Revolutions

1. The Age of Revolutions (1770’s – 1840’s)

2. What? • A period of political revolution inspired by Enlightenment ideas and absolute governments in Europe. • Where? • The United States, France, and Latin America. • When? • It begins in the late 1700’s and continues into the 1800’s. • Who? • Millions in the Americas gain their freedom from European masters, and many Europeans gain their freedom from absolute monarchies.

3. Word Wall tyranny representation militia radical rifling annex

4. topic 1: the American Revolution

5. Learning Goal • Students will be able to recall the causes of the American Revolution and explain how it influenced later revolutions.

6. Causes of The American revolution • Seven Years War • 1740’s – Great Britain fights Seven Years War against France and allies. Victory gives Great Britain control over Florida from Spain and most of Canada from France. • The increased size of their colonies in the Americas forces Great Britain to increase taxes on the American colonies. Also, American colonists are drafted against their will into the British Army and Navy to help defend the new territory. • Enlightenment Ideas • The Triangle Trade brings European goods and ideas to the American colonies. Because of the wealth and high level of education in the British colonies, Enlightenment ideas are well known and debated by the late 1700’s.

7. Causes of The American revolution • Taxation without Representation • Most British colonies saw themselves as legitimate states in the British Empire and wanted representation in British Parliament. • When they are denied the right to vote on taxes and laws, many colonial leaders begin planning independence. • Militias • 1774 – Leaders from each colony meet in Philadelphia and agree that each colony should raise its own militia to protect it citizens from abuse or drafting by the British Army. • The first battle of the revolution breaks out in 1775 when the British army tries to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Lexington and Concord. • After several months of debate, the colonies agreed to raise an army and declare independence from Great Britain. On July 4, 1776 the American Revolution officially begins.

9. Impact of The American revolution • After the surrender of the British Army at Yorktown, the American colonists created a representative republic, officially becoming the United States of America. • Created around a social contract known as the U.S. Constitution. • Create Bill of rights guaranteeing citizens’ freedoms based on enlightenment ideas from Beccaria, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau and others. • Government modeled after Montesquieu’s idea of separation of powers and checks and balances. • The American Revolution had been sparked by Enlightenment ideals and the American government was built along those same guidelines. • U.S. Constitution becomes the model for other democratic, “Enlightened” countries.

10. Impact of The American revolution • To people outside of the U.S., the success of the American Revolution was proof that Enlightenment ideas and reason were naturally superior to monarchy. • Small, poorly armed but enlightened colonies defeated largest, strongest, richest monarchy in Europe • American Revolution was evidence that reason and “natural laws” would always triumph over tyranny. • This “evidence” created revolutionary feelings in other oppressed people. • Latin America wants independence from colonial system and mercantilism • Poor and middle class demand “natural rights” from absolute monarchies in Europe • Within 10 years of the American Revolution it became the model to inspire the poor and middle class in the Caribbean, France, and Latin America to revolt against their leaders.

11. Essential Question • What were the causes of the American Revolution? • The causes of the American Revolution were _____________________________________________.

12. Essential Question • How did the American Revolution influence later revolutions? • The American Revolution influenced later revolutions by _____________________________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. Small Enlightened colonies defeated largest, richest, most powerful monarchy in the world. • 2. American success encouraged revolutionary feelings in other oppressed people.

13. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain the importance of the American Revolution and how it influenced further revolutions; as well as draw comparisons between the American Revolution and other revolutions of this period. 3 – I can explain the importance of the American Revolution and how it influenced further revolutions. 2 – I can explain the importance of the American Revolution but not how it influenced further revolutions. 1 – I can’t explain the importance of the American Revolution or how it influenced further revolutions.

14. Topic 2: The French revolution

15. Learning Goal • Students will be able to recall the causes, major figures, and phases of the French Revolution.

16. Causes of the French revolution • Enlightenment Ideas • France was home to many of the Enlightenment philosophes on the 1700’s. Convinced many people that France, not America, should be the example of Enlightened democracy. • American success • The ability of the relatively small and poor American colonies against the wealth and power of Great Britain encouraged the poor and middle class of France that they could accomplish the same success.

17. Causes of the French revolution • Bankruptcy • Loss in the Seven Years War + massive financial and military support of the American Revolution = financial disaster • French nobility refused to change their lavish lifestyle, which angered the middle and lower classes. • Louis XVI • King of France, Louis XVI, lived in the world’s most expensive palace, Versailles, outside of Paris. Was sheltered from the harsh reality of crime, poverty, and starvation that was taking place in Paris. • In order to maintain his lifestyle and what remained of the French Empire, Louis tried to dramatically raise taxes.

22. Causes of The French revolution • French Society • Main cause of France’s economic problems and the French Revolution was the French social structure. • Divided into 3 Estates: • First Estate (nobility) • Second Estate (clergy) • Third Estate (everyone else) • First and Second estate were exempt from taxes, while the Third Estate was forced to pay all of the tax burden. First and Second Estate also had separate set of laws for only them, which placed them above Third Estate legally. • However, the First and Second Estate owned 50% of the land and wealth in France while only making up 3% of the population. • Leaves majority of the population angry and poor; France cannot raise enough money because 50% of its land and income is tax-free.

24. The French revolution • Louis attempted to raise taxes again in 1788 and 1789. • Third Estate refused to pay, demanded a meeting of the French Congress, known as the Estates General. • Louis and the first two estates refuse numerous times to agree to pay all taxes • Leaders from the Third Estate demand more votes to override First and Second Estate • Louis dismissed Estates General and refuses to meet with them again • Third Estate meet on a nearby tennis court and swear the “Tennis Court Oath”. Will not leave Paris until they had written a constitution for a new French government. • Create a Congress called the National Assembly • Draft a constitution and a bill of rights called “The Declaration of the Rights of Man” • Violently force Louis XVI into accepting their demands and create a limited monarchy.

25. The National Assembly • The French Revolution goes through many phases: • The National Assembly (1789-1792) • Creates limited monarchy, eliminated separate legal systems for Estates, and created a fair tax structure for all Estates. • Thousand of rich and powerful flee France, attempt to raise armies to overthrow the new government. • Fearful that the revolution will spread to their kingdoms, Austria and Prussia invade France to restore Louis to power. • Many poor felt like not enough had been done for them, more radical groups in the Assembly begin to grow.

26. The National Convention • The National Convention (1792-1795) • Radical groups overthrow the limited monarchy, execute the royal family, and establish a French republic. • All men are given the right to vote, the Catholic Church is outlawed, wages and prices are fixed by the government to eliminate rich and poor. • The land and wealth of the nobility and clergy are seized by the Convention and many are arrested. • A national military draft, the “levee en masse”, is created which causes revolts all around France as peasants are drafted into the French Army.

27. The national convention • The Reign of Terror (1793-1795) • The new laws of the National Convention are unpopular and unsuccessful. The new government is now fighting several wars outside of France as well as a civil war inside of France. • To keep the republic safe and preserve the revolution, Maximillien Robespierre is appointed revolutionary dictator. He and his Jacobin party go on a rampage against anyone seen as a threat. Over 60,000 people are executed by guillotine and all rights of the people are suspended. • Entire cities in France that revolt against the National Convention are slaughtered by the French Army. • Members of his own party eventually arrest and execute Robespierre, ending the Reign of Terror and the National Convention.

28. The directory • The Directory (1795-1799) • After the Reign of Terror ends a new constitution is drawn up. • New Congress is elected to create laws but control of France is given to an Executive Directory of five, elected by Congress. • Essentially established a new dictatorship: • Laws passed by Congress had to be enforced by Directory • If not re-elected, simply used the army and police to arrest their opponents • Continued executions and oppression of French cities who resisted • Closed newspapers and limited freedom of speech and the press • Eventually overthrown by a French general, Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1799; effectively ends the French Revolution.

30. Essential Question • What were the causes of the French Revolution? • The causes of the French Revolution were _____________________________________________.

31. Essential Question • Who were the major figures of the French Revolution? • The major figures of the French Revolution were _____________________________________________.

32. Essential Question • What were the phases of the French Revolution? • The phases of the French Revolution were _____________________________________________.

33. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain the causes of the French Revolution and remember all of the major figures and events as well. I can even give examples of how it affected following revolutions. 3 – I can explain the causes of the French Revolution and remember all of the major figures and events as well. 2 – I can explain the causes of the French Revolution and but don’t remember all of the major figures and events. 1 – I can’t explain the causes of the French Revolution or remember any of the major figures and events.

34. Topic 3: The age of Napoleon

35. Learning Goal • Students will be able to explain the reasons for Napoleon’s success and how he influenced later revolutions.

36. The age of Napoleon • Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the directory in 1799 and establishes himself as emperor in 1804. • Political Success • Worked his way up through the French Army. Was loved because of his middle class origins. Was seen as the ultimate example of the success of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. • By rewarding and leading his troops himself Napoleon was able to create an all volunteer army with high morale. • Kept his people’s loyalty by keeping alive many important parts of the French Revolution. Practiced equality before the law; fair taxation for all social classes; promoted scientific discovery and individual rights. • Did not always preserve freedom of speech and the press. Restricted and punished those who were critical of him.

37. The age of Napoleon • Military Success • True military genius. Perfected the tactics and weapons of his era. • Took advantage of new rifling techniques. Used massed, accurate cannons to decimate enemy battle lines. • Then used light, fast-moving cavalry armed with highly accurate rifles to swoop in and divide enemy armies. • Tireless, worked 18-20 hour days. Was constantly leading his armies from the front which inspired and motivated his troops. • Replaced the governments of conquered enemies with family members to ensure the loyalty and cooperation of his new territories. • Was nearly undefeated across the course of his military career; which made the French people only love him more.

38. The age of Napoleon • Napoleon rules France as emperor from 1804-1815. He goes to war against all of Europe to expand the French empire. Conquer the largest empire in Europe since Charlemagne. • Defeats all of France’s rivals until a disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 wipes out over 90% of his army. • Is finally defeated in 1815 by an alliance of Great Britain and Russia. Is exiled from France, but returns and raises another army. • Is defeated once and for all by a British, Russian, Austrian, and Prussian alliance at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena Island until his death in 1821.

40. The age of Napoleon • Even as an absolute emperor, Napoleon spreads revolution and inspires revolutions in Europe and Latin America. • Europe • By expanding his empire Napoleon brings Enlightenment ideas and rights to millions of people in Europe. He shows the monarchy and natural rights can exist together; even if he does not always honor them. • After his defeat, those people begin to demand the same freedoms from their returning monarchies. • Latin America • By conquering Spain and invading Portugal Napoleon interrupts their control over their colonies, allowing revolutions to spread in those Latin American colonies.

41. Essential Question • Why was Napoleon so successful? • Napoleon was so successful because _____________________________________________. • He was able to win and maintain the support of the people he ruled and commanded. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2.

42. Essential Question • How did Napoleon influence later revolutions? • Napoleon influenced later revolutions by _____________________________________________. • Disrupting the existing monarchies of Europe and their control over the people. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2.

43. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain the source of Napoleon’s success and how he affected Europe even after his death; including his influence of the politics of the following century. 3 – I can explain the source of Napoleon’s success and how he affected Europe even after his death. 2 – I can explain the source of Napoleon’s success but not how he affected Europe even after his death. 1 – I can’t explain the source of Napoleon’s success or how he affected Europe even after his death.

44. topic 4: Latin American revolutions

45. Learning Goal • Students will be able to recall the causes and and major figures of the Latin American revolutions.

46. Causes of the Latin Americanrevolutions • American Revolution & Enlightenment Ideas • Many Latin American colonies see the success of the American Revolution as proof the enlightened, democratic revolutions can succeed against powerful European monarchies. • Colonial System • Mercantilism created resentment and anger between Latin American colonies and Europe. • The colonial system in Latin America had created a permanent upper class which excluded natives, blacks, or mixed race mestizos. They began to demand the same rights as the Spanish. • Napoleonic Wars • By conquering most of Europe, Napoleon had interrupted many empires’ ability to control and rule their colonies. This disruption allowed local leaders to begin to plan independence.

47. Haitian revolution • Haiti • 1791 - Encouraged by the French Revolution slaves on the colony of Saint Dominique revolted. A freed former slave named Toussaint L’Overtureorganized a 13 year war against the French for independence. • 1804 - Haiti gained independence from France, granted by the Napoleon himself. • Following the lead of the Haitians, independence movements started in South America in 1806, Mexico in 1810, and Central America in the 1820’s.

48. South American revolutions • South America • 1806– 1824 – Wars for independence break out all over South America. • Most are led by two main figures Simon Bolivar in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru; and Jose de San Martin in Argentina and Chile. • Bolivar and San Martin fight in multiple wars, in multiple colonies, for almost 20 years before finally driving the Spanish out of South America by 1830. • Brazil was granted its independence in 1822 when the Prince of Portugal accepted an invitation to be the new king of Brazil and declared independence from Portugal. • Portugal decides to allow Brazil independence rather than fight an expensive destructive war.

50. Mexican and Central American revolutions • Mexico • 1810 - Mexican War for Independence began in 1810 under a Mexican priest named Miguel Hidalgo. • Hidalgo was defeated, captured, and killed in 1811. Rebels continued to fight until 1821 when Mexico finally broke free of Spanish rule. • Central America • 1821 - Originally the colony of Guatemala, followed Mexican lead and declared for independence in 1821. • Independence was given by Spain but they were annexed by the new Mexican Empire soon after. • 1823 - Mexico grants full independence and the former colony became known as the United Provinces of Central America. • Lasted until 1838 when Honduras separated itself from the union and others soon followed.