Management of Infertility

1. Management of Infertility

2. Introduction • Primary infertility: The inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse for a woman younger than 35, or after 6 months of unprotected intercourse for a woman 35 or older. • Secondary infertility: The inability of a woman to conceive who previously was able to do so. • Infertility is more common in older women. However, increased age reduces the efficacy of treatment.

3. Prevalence and Overview of Treatments Approximately half of all women who receive fertility care achieve conception leading to a live birth.

4. Requirements for Conception • Production of healthy egg and sperm • Unblocked tubes that allow sperm to reach the egg • The sperms ability to penetrate and fertilize the egg • Implantation of the embryo into the uterus • Finally a healthy pregnancy

5. Infertility • Reproductive age for women • Generally 15-44 years of age • Fertility is approximately halved between 37th and 45th year due to alterations in ovulation • 20% of women have their first child after age 30 • 1/3 of couples over 35 have fertility problems • Ovulation decreases • Health of the egg declines • Health problems develop • With the proper treatment 85% of infertile couples can expect to have a child

6. Causes of Infertility • Discovering which cause of infertility affects a particular couple is the basis of fertility care. • Causes are shared, almost equally, by men and women. • Mixed-factor infertility involves multiple causes, with some belonging to the man and some to the woman.

7. Male ETOH Drugs Tobacco Health problems Radiation/Chemotherapy Age Enviromental factors Pesticides Lead Female Age Stress Poor diet Athletic training Over/underweight Tobacco ETOH STD’s Health problems Causes for infertility

8. Causes of Infertility • Anovulation (10-20%) • Anatomic defects of the female genital tract (30%) • Abnormal spermatogenesis (40%) • Unexplained (10%-20%)

9. Evaluation of the Woman • Primary evaluation components: • Male factor • Ovarian factor • Cervical factor • Tubal factor • Uterine factor

10. Physical Evaluation • Obtain a complete health history of both partners • Assess the woman’s hormone values • Perform a complete pelvic exam • Order the man’s semen analysis

11. Complete Pelvic Examination • Abnormalities and current pathologies are ruled out. • Discovery of abnormalities influence the management and efficacy of care. • Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS):Used to examine the uterus, endometrium, ovaries and tubes

12. Complete Pelvic Examination • Sonohysteroscopy: Used to identify polyps, fibroid tumors, cysts or other intrauterine masses • Hysterosalpingogram: Used to evaluate the interior uterus and fallopian tubes

13. Complete Pelvic Examination • Tubal and peritoneal pathology are the primary problem for 30 percent to 35 percent of infertile couples • Providers should know the status of the fallopian tubes before any fertility treatment begins.

14. Evaluation of Ovulatory Function Women can use simple, noninvasive techniques to predict ovulation: • Daily basal body temperature • Ovulation predictor kits • Salivary predictor tests

15. Evaluation of Ovulatory Function • TVUS: Evaluates ovarian follicle development and quality of the endometrial lining • Clomid Challenge Test (CCT): Assesses ovarian reserve in the older woman or the woman suspected of having early ovarian failure

16. Evaluation of Ovulatory Function • Anovulation and oligoovulation: • Among the most common causes of infertility • More common in women who: • Have extremes of body weight • Exercise excessively • Struggle with eating disorders

17. Ovarian Dysfunction and Failure • Some women fail to ovulate because they have very few or no remaining oocytes. • Before about age 40, this condition is classified as premature ovarian failure or premature menopause. • Using a donated oocyte or embryo adoption are the only options for affected women who desire to become pregnant.

18. Endometriosis • Strongly associated with infertility • Affects 20 percent to 40 percent of infertile women • Management methods include surgery and medication

19. Recurrent Pregnancy Loss • Chromosomal abnormalities • Uterine malformations • Immunologic factors • Thrombophilias • Endocrine abnormalities • Infectious disease • Environmental contributors

20. Factors that Affect Fertility • Chronic stress related to fertility • Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke • Excessive alcohol intake • Illicit drug use • Extreme body mass index (BMI) • Eating disorders

21. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) • Affects women with irregular menses and an inability to maintain normal BMI • Usually includes elevated levels of serum androgens, insulin resistance and chronic anovulation

22. Evaluation of the Male • Male factor contributes to infertility in 50 percent of infertile couples • Evaluation begins at the initial consultation with the couple.

23. Evaluation of the Male • Physical examination • Obesity • Hypothalamic or pituitary failure • Abnormalities of the testes, epididymis, prostate or penis • Presence of vas deferens • Degrees of varicocele • Semen analysis • Endocrine and chromosomal assessment • Anatomical evaluation • Psychological factors

24. Fertility Treatment: Goals • To ensure patient safety • To help a couple experience a healthy pregnancy and birth or an alternative way to build a family • To use as little of a couple’s resources as necessary

25. Fertility Treatment: Options • Correct ovulatory dysfunction • Correct tubal or uterine abnormalities • Overcome subfertile sperm parameters • ART (assisted reproductive technique)

26. Ovulation Induction: Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid, Serophene) • The “first line” of fertility therapy • Used to treat mildly disordered ovulation and luteal-phase insufficiency • Establish tubal patency and sperm adequacy before use.

27. Ovulation Induction: Clomiphene Citrate • In appropriately selected patients, 80 percent ovulate and 40 percent conceive with clomiphene. • Cumulative conception rate is 60 percent to 75 percent.

28. Ovulation Induction: Clomiphene Citrate • Multiples rate is about 10 percent. • After 6 months, women should move on to more aggressive therapy.

29. Ovulation Induction: Injectable Gonadotropins • Used: • When women exhibit resistance to clomiphene • When multiple oocytes are desirable to ovulate • With IVF and creation of donor oocytes and embryos • With ovulation induction (OI) • Multiple rates as high as 40 percent.

30. Ovulation Induction: Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone • Anovulation may be due to the failure of the hypothalamus to provide sufficient stimulation to the pituitary gland. • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) can be directly administered via a small medication pump to induce ovulation. • The ideal patient is the hypogonadotropic woman.

31. Ovulation Induction: Pulsatile GnRH • Overall ovulation rates are between 50 percent and 80 percent. The chance of pregnancy is 10 percent to 30 percent per ovulatory cycle, depending on the couple’s other fertility factors. • The risk of multiples is low.

32. Artificial Insemination • Used to treat: • Male-factor infertility • Retrograde ejaculation • Neurologic impotence • Sexual dysfunction • Sperm used for insemination may be the male partner’s or donated.

33. Artificial Insemination • Methods of insemination • Intracervical insemination (ICI) • Intrauterine insemination (IUI) • Success rates vary from 6 percent to 24 percent per cycle

34. Assisted Reproduction • Assisted hatching of the embryo Images provided by author. Reprinted with permission. (Figure 8)

35. Assisted Reproduction • Indications for ART: • Tubal disease • Male-factor infertility • Endometriosis • Premature ovarian failure • Polycystic ovarian syndrome • Immunologic infertility • Unexplained infertility

36. Assisted Reproduction • IVF: Placing the gametes and subsequent embryo into the uterus • ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer): Placing the gametes and subsequent embryo into the fallopian tubes • GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer): Placing the unfertilized oocyte and sperm into the fallopian tube

37. Assisted Reproduction • Stimulation type, dosage and duration depends on patient characteristics, diagnoses and the fertility center. • Monitoring is usually by serial TVUS (transvaginal ultrasonography), usually over four to five visits.

38. Assisted Reproduction • Cleavage of the embryos and other subjective indicators of embryo health help the clinician decide timing and number of embryos to transfer. • The usual timing of transfer of embryos is on day 3, 4 or 5 after retrieval.

39. Assisted Reproduction • Multicellular embryos

40. Assisted Reproduction: Cryopreservation • Freezing, thawing and using: • Sperm • Embryos • Oocytes

41. Assisted Reproduction: Cryopreservation • Expanded blastocysts Images provided by author. Reprinted with permission. (Figure10)

42. Assisted Reproduction: Cryopreservation • Cryopreserved blastocysts

43. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis • Used only with IVF • One or two cells removed from the embryo and analyzed for defects before transfer to the uterus

44. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis • May be helpful for: • Women older than 35 years • Couples who have experienced recurrent pregnancy loss • Couples with one partner known to carry a balanced chromosomal translocation • Up to 85 percent accurate for detecting the most common chromosomal abnormalities

45. Third-party Reproduction • Donor gametes • Donor embryos • Surrogacy • Gestational carrier: Carries other people’s oocyte and sperm • Traditional surrogate: Inseminated with the male partner’s sperm

46. ART Risks and Complications • Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHHS) • Multiple gestation—More than 43 percent of the rise in multiple births in the U.S. is linked to ART, with 25 percent to 38 percent of treatments leading to multiple births

47. 9 weeks 13 weeks ART Risks and Complications • Twin intrauterine pregnancy (Continued)

48. Male-factor Infertility • ART may help men with: • Sperm counts between 1 and 10 million with poor motility and morphology scores • Failed previous inseminations • Obstructive or nonobstructiveazoospermia where sperm can be successfully extracted from the epididymis or testes

49. Male-factor Infertility • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Image provided by author. Reprinted with permission. (Figure15)

50. Advanced Reproductive Age • Risks • Pregnancy loss at all stages of gestation • Down syndrome • Multiple births • Hypertension and gestational diabetes • Low birthweight (LBW) • Difficult labor • Cesarean birth