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Evolution and Biodiversity

Evolution and Biodiversity. Concepts. Origins. Evolutionary Processes. Ecological Niches. Species Formation. Species Extinction. Origins and Early Evolution of Life. Chemical evolution. Biological evolution. Stanley Miller's experiment animation. Click to view animation. Animation.

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Evolution and Biodiversity

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  1. Evolution and Biodiversity

  2. Concepts • Origins • Evolutionary Processes • Ecological Niches • Species Formation • Species Extinction

  3. Origins and Early Evolution of Life • Chemical evolution • Biological evolution

  4. Stanley Miller's experiment animation. Click to view animation. Animation

  5. Modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear about 2 seconds before midnight Recorded human history begins 1/4 second before midnight Age of mammals Age of reptiles midnight Insects and amphibians invade the land Origin of life (3.6–3.8 billion years ago) First fossil record of animals Plants begin invading land noon Evolution and expansion of life

  6. Evolution Concepts • Macroevolution • Microevolution • Gene pool • Mutation • Natural selection

  7. Natural Selection • Differential reproduction • Adaptive trait • Coevolution

  8. Natural Selection • Directional Selection • Stabilizing Selection • Disruptive Selection

  9. Example of directional selection animation. Click to view animation.

  10. Stabilizing selection animation. Click to view animation.

  11. Disruptive selection animation. Click to view animation.

  12. Ecological Niches • Ecological niche • Fundamental niche • Realized niche

  13. Broad and Narrow Niches • Generalist species • r - selected • Specialist species • k - selected

  14. Niches Herring gull is a tireless scavenger Brown pelican dives for fish, which it locates from the air Black skimmer seizes small fish at water surface Dowitcher probes deeply into mud in search of snails, marine worms, and small crustaceans Ruddy turnstone searches under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates Scaup and other diving ducks feed on mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic vegetation Avocet sweeps bill through mud and surface water in search of small crustaceans, insects, and seeds Flamingo feeds on minute organisms in mud Oystercatcher feeds on clams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak Knot (a sandpiper) picks up worms and small crustaceans left by receding tide Louisiana heron wades into water to seize small fish Piping plover feeds on insects and tiny crustaceans on sandy beaches

  15. Adaptive Radiation Fruit and seed eaters Insect and nectar eaters Greater Koa-finch Kuai Akialoa Amakihi Kona Grosbeak Crested Honeycreeper Akiapolaau Apapane Maui Parrotbill Unknown finch ancestor

  16. Speciation • Geographic isolation • Reproductive isolation • Speciation

  17. Extinction • Background extinction • Mass extinction • Mass depletion • Adaptive radiation • Human Impacts

  18. LAURASIA LAURASIA PANGAEA PANGAEA GONDWANALAND GONDWANALAND MADA- GASCAR MADA- GASCAR AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA ANTARCTICA ANTARCTICA 120° 80° 40° 80° 120° 120° 80° 80° 120° 135 million years ago 225 million years ago EURASIA NORTH AMERICA AFRICA 120° 80° 120° 120° 0° 40° 120° INDIA SOUTH AMERICA 65 million years ago Present

  19. Terrestrialorganisms 1600 Silurian Triassic Permian Jurassic Devonian Cambrian Ordovician Cretaceous Marineorganisms 1200 Carboniferous Pre-cambrain Number of families 800 Tertiary Quaternary 400 0 3500 545 500 440 410 355 290 250 205 145 65 1.8 0 Millions of years ago

  20. Human Impacts on Evolution Artificial Selection Genetic Engineering Concerns about Genetic Engineering

  21. Crop Desired trait (color) Crossbreeding Pear Apple Offspring Crossbreeding Best results New offspring Desired result

  22. Phase 1 Make Modified Gene cell Identify and extract gene with desired trait gene DNA Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait plasmid Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli E. coli DNA Genetically modified plasmid Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3) plasmid Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Grow in tissue culture to make copies

  23. Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier agrobacterium A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell Plant cell Nucleus Host DNA Foreign DNA Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell

  24. Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transfer to soil Transgenic plants with new traits

  25. Evolutionary tree of life animation. Click to view animation.

  26. Evolutionary tree diagrams interaction. Click to view animation.

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