By the Massachusetts Healthy Cosmetology Committee

1. Improving Health and Safety in Massachusetts Beauty SalonsTraining developed for the Massachusetts Division of Professional LicensureBoard of Cosmetology InspectorsFall 2005 By the Massachusetts Healthy Cosmetology Committee (Toxics Use Reduction Institute and the Department of Work Environment University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA Division of Occupational Safety, MA Department of Public Health, Pioneer Valley Project)

2. Improving Health and Safety in Massachusetts Beauty SalonsFall 2005 September 12 ~ Chemicals and Health, Toxics Use Reduction and Regulations September 26 ~ Proper Ventilation in Salons and OSHA Requirements October 24th ~ Safe and Effective Disinfection November TBA ~ Model Salon and Virtual Health and Safety Inspection

3. Overview • Introduction • Chemicals and Health • Information and Protection • Toxics Use Reduction • Regulations • Summary and Questions

4. Discussion • Why do you inspect salons? • What do you inspect for? • What two or three conditions are the mark of a clean and safe salon? • Who is served by the BOC and its inspectors? • How do you communicate with those you serve? • How do you protect the public’s health? • What do you think about the odors, chemicals and air quality in salons?

5. Chemicals and Health • What’s an example of a chemical hazard in salons? • Toxic vs. Hazardous • Who is potentially affected by chemicals in salons? • Salon owners and workers • Family members • Customers • Employees and residents near salons • Inspectors • Environmental effects via water, waste and air

6. How chemicals affect us • Types of effects: • Contact: skin or eye or throat irritation • Systemic: breathe in and chemicals go to “target organs” e.g. (solvents to brain) • How they get in our bodies • Skin contact (relaxer burn) • Skin adsorption (acrylics) • Inhalation (nail polish remover vapor, nail dust) • Injection (“needlesticks”) • Ingestion (on food, hands, cigarettes, accident)

7. Forms of chemicals • Aerosols: particles suspended in air • Dusts and mists (ex. Nail dust, hair spray) • Smaller particles go deeper and cause more disease • Vapors: gas over a liquid (ex. Ammonia) • Commonly called “fumes” • The more volatile (easily evaporated into the air) the greater the concentration of the vapor in the air • The higher the temperature, the more in the air • Gases (ex. Steri-Dry) • Liquids (ex. Barbicide) • Bulk products (ex. hair dye)

8. Concentration ppm = parts per million Example: 1000 parts acetone per 1 million parts air mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter Example = 15 milligrams dust per cubic meter of air • Important: Odor doesn’t always tell you how much is there!

9. Chemical exposure • Timing of Exposures • Acute exposures (high levels, infrequent) = spill • Chronic exposures (low levels, frequent) = cleaning with alcohol • Mixed exposures • Inhalation exposures measured by sampling breathing zone concentrations over time

10. Timing of Effects • Acute effects happen immediately or soon after exposure • Examples: burns, asthma attack, throat irritation, dizziness • Chronic effects build up over time • Examples: cancer, asthma, allergies (sensitizers) • Developmental/reproductive: exposed when pregnant, or trying (infertility, miscarriage, developmental defects) • Effects may be irreversible or reversible when no longer exposed

11. Human Health Studies (Nails) • Few human health studies • Increased spontaneous abortions (John, 1994) • Neurocognitive deficits (LoSasso, 2001; 2002) • Respiratory irritation (Hiipakka, 1987) • Many case reports on other exposed workers and clients • sensitization from acrylics (both allergic contact dermatitis and asthma) • nail damage (onycholysis)

12. Human Health Studies (Hair) • Reproductive • Lower birth weight babies • Respiratory • Sensitization leading to asthma • Upper and lower respiratory irritation (cough, shortness of breath, bronchitis) • Skin • Sensitization leading to allergic contact dermatitis and other skin problems • Cancer • Bladder and lung • Occupation as hairdresser = exposures that probably are carcinogenic

13. Chemicals of particular concern • Formaldehyde • Found in lots of salon products • Small amounts in many nail polishes, esp. as TSF resin • Active ingredient in Steri-Dry as “paraformaldehyde” • Gas in air (respiratory) and skin contact • Use of Steri-Dry can exceed short-term limits • Health Effects • Acute: watery eyes; burning sensations of the eyes, nose, and throat; coughing; wheezing; nausea; and skin irritation • Chronic: Carcinogen (nasal and leukemia); sensitization (allergy) • AVOID EXPOSURE!

14. Chemicals of particular concern • Acids and bases • At either end of the pH scale • Acids pH < 7 (neutral), Bases pH >7 • Both cause burns and irritation • Acids: nail primer, neutralizers, hydrogen peroxide • Bases: relaxer, perms, ammonia

15. Chemicals of particular concern • Acrylics • Main ingredients in sculptured nails • Strong smell at low concentrations • Powder polymer and liquid monomer • Liquids: ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate • Sensitizers (asthma, dermatitis), irritation, miscarriages? • Skin and nail damage

17. Chemicals of particular concern • Solvents • So called because other stuff “dissolves” in them • Organic solvents used extensively in salon products: alcohol, acetone, toluene, xylene, butane • Readily vaporize into salon air • Most solvents cause same short-term and long-term effects: • CNS suppression (dizziness, nausea, spaciness) • Skin defatting and irritation • Possible reproductive effects • Possible liver and kidney damage • Possible brain-damage (memory loss, decreased dexterity)

18. Other hazards in salons • Emergencies and violence • Blood borne pathogens and infectious agents • Safety/Fire • Musculoskeletal

19. Chemical Hazard Mapping • Draw a salon environment (hair or nails) • Mark on the map where chemical hazards are found • Blue = dusts • Red = vapors/gases • Purple = liquids/bulk • Mark hazards with dots with many dots to indicate higher concentrations

20. Protection from Hazards in the Salon Environment

21. Effective prevention strategy Prevention at the source (substitution, elimination) Prevention in the pathway (local exhaust ventilation) Prevention at the person (gloves and masks, training)

22. Prevention at the source • Reduces or prevents exposure • Via all routes (skin, breathing) • All the time (regular use, bulk chemical handling, cleaning up spills, busy periods) • Without relying on people to be able to follow directions, read in English • For all people (including sensitive ones) and the environment (doesn’t shift risk) • May be difficult to make happen

23. Prevention in the pathway Local exhaust ventilation

24. Prevention in the path • General exhaust ventilation or dilution ventilation • Brings in fresh air, exhausts bad air via HVAC, open doors and windows • Does not prevent exposure, but may lower concentration levels • Some systems may have air cleaners • Critical for healthy indoor environment

25. Prevention at the person • Respiratory protection • Dust masks may prevent some dust exposure, but don’t stop chemical vapors! • Chemical cartridges with half-face respirators • Good work practices include keeping containers closed; avoiding skin exposure, esp. during bulk chemical handling • Training important, but challenging

26. How do we get information about chemicals? • 1983 OSHA Hazard Communication Standard requires • Employee Right to Know • Training • MSDS, labels • Chemical testing: • animal studies • human studies (workers)

27. MSDS Exercise • MSDS stands for Material Safety Data Sheet • Most important sections are: • Ingredients/composition • Hazard identification/health hazards • Fire and explosion hazards • Handling and storage information • Exposure control measures • Every ingredient and product sold that will be used by someone at work has a MSDS available from the manufacturer • Salons must have MSDSs for all products and labels on all products

29. Toxics Use Reduction and Best Practices

30. What is Toxics Use Reduction (TUR)? Planning Process Concept Waste Management Tool Techniques State Pollution Prevention Program

31. I. Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Program

32. What is TUR? • Toxics Use Reduction Concept • Minimization of pollution and hazards from chemical contamination through reduction, elimination, or substitution of the toxics substances at the point where they are produced or used.

33. Toxics Use Reduction • TUR is NOT: • treatment of toxic waste • dilution of toxics • transfer of toxics from one medium to another (soil to water)

34. TUR in Practice • TUR involves systems analysis and a planning process: • Why is this chemical being used? • Is there another method that will negate the need for the chemical? • If the activity truly requires chemical use, is there a safer alternative? • If no alternatives exist, is the chemical being used efficiently?

35. TUR Techniques • Chemical Substitution • Product Reformulation • Process (Redesign) Change • Equipment Modernization • Improved Operations & Maintenance (Housekeeping) • Reusing (recycling) substances

36. Chemical Use

37. Chemical Releases to the Environment

38. COMMUNITY TUR • While TUR was developed for a manufacturing-facility focus, the TUR approach can be applied to other areas: • Household chemical use. • Municipal Operations: DPW garages/facilities, local water treatment plants, state or local building grounds-maintenance, etc. • Small businesses: auto body, dry cleaning, food service, hair and nail salons.

39. TUR Techniques in “Cleaning” • Use less toxic products (substitution) • Use less product or proper dilution (process change) • Pump instead of aerosol (product redesign) • Proper mixing, covering containers (improved operations and maintenance) • Training students in sanitation (improved operations and maintenance)

40. TUR in FOOD ESTABLISHMENT Lexington Health Department Purpose of Project Examine chemical usage in food establishments Determine barriers and means of promoting TUR in this environment Examine means of integrating TUR into establishment operation and inspection process

41. Why Is TUR Important in Food Establishments? • High usage of chemicals: cleaners, degreasers, sanitizers and pesticides in environment, on food (e.g., Victory product) • Limited training of workers on safety and handling • Threat to public health through food contamination • Threat to worker through occupational exposure • Effect on environment • Conflict between sanitation requirements and toxics usage

42. Practices Observed during inspections • Overuse or inappropriate use of chemicals • Usage of unnecessary chemicals • Failure to dilute: higher exposure • No knowledge of product contents or safety issues • Questionable application of pesticides (routine, use of foggers) • Minimal safety equipment/training • MSDS not available • No knowledge of pesticides in use or IPM

43. Advantage of TUR for Food Establishments • Greater worker safety • Improved food safety • Benefit to environment • Decreased costs • Improved pest management, long term • Public perception of establishment

44. Key Messages for Food Establishments • Non-Toxic Alternatives • Degreaser-Borax on a damp cloth • Floor cleaner-1 cup vinegar in 2 gallons water • Oven cleaner-2 tbsp liquid soap with 2 tsp of borax in warm water • Window cleaner-2 tbsp vinegar in 1 quart warm water • OSHA Requirements • Promote safety and awareness • Applicable to restaurants • Personal protective equipment (gloves, goggles, eye wash, storage, training) • Hazard communication standard Employee Training Program

45. Integrating TUR Into Food Establishments • Provided literature/training-awareness • Ongoing reinforcement through inspections • Developed web-based training program • Distributed mailing on subject of IPM and toxics control • Integrated issues into inspection program • Carry out extensive inspections with expert on IPM • Developed model IPM program for food establishment • Passed regulation requiring IPM along model of Children and Families Protection Act

46. Why would Salons want TUR? Emerging Knowledge in Toxics and Health • Lack of Product and Toxicity Testing • Known health risks associated with exposure to many chemicals • Impacts at Lower Exposure Levels and Timing of Exposure • Increase in environmentally-related diseases • Disruption of Hormone Systems • Reproductive Effects

47. Why would Salons want TUR? • Reduce chemical exposure for the public and for workers • Improved (safer) workplace environment • Reduce liability (fire, spills, contamination, exposure) • Public Image - “Green Operation,” care about environment and workers • Market advantage

48. TUR Techniques • Chemical (Product) Substitution (Replace hazardous products with safer ones!) • Product Reformulation • Process (Redesign) Change • Equipment Modernization • Improved Operations & Maintenance (Housekeeping) • Reusing (recycling) substances

49. TUR in Cosmetology • Use less toxic hair dyes ~ non-permanent dyes (semi, demi)-(substitution and process change) • Avoid Coal tar dyes, lead acetate (substitution) • Use pump sprays instead of aerosols (substitution) • Keep product containers and barbicide containers covered (improved Operations & Maintenance)

50. TUR in Cosmetology • Avoid products with formaldehyde, toluene, phthalates (substitution) • Physical straightening instead of chemical straightening (process change) • Lower pH products (substitution) • Natural nail care rather than artificial nails (process change) • Establishing a separate chemical storage and mixing room (improved O & M)