Next step: Panels

1. Energy “Laws” Next step: Panels Energy “Producers” Sustainable Energy: Complex problem that requires long term planning and government involvement Energy “Consumers” Policies, budget, etc….

2. Example Interconnected Policies Balance of Trade Energy policy Foreign policy Transportation policy Agricultural policy Believe it or not… Development of the technology for the future

3. ExamplesInternational Collaboration to develop Nuclear Fusion Energy • 1985- Geneva Superpower Summit: • Reagan (USA) & Gorbachev (Soviet Union) agreed on project to develop new cleaner, sustainable source of energy- Fusion energy!! • Why Fusion?

5. E=mc2 U Fe H Science well known… We are just copying nature !

6. Natural Fusion Reactors vsFusion Experiments on Earth Just need to produce plasma like those in starts…

7. What is a Plasma? Matter heated to high temperatures becomes a Plasma SOLID LIQUIDGASPLASMA Four States of Matter

8. Characteristics of Typical Plasmas

9. Benefits of Fusion • Abundance of input fuels (world-wide) • Deuterium can be extracted from seawater • Tritium can be made in the fusion reactor with lithium • Helium-3 can in theory be mined from immense deposits in the lunar surface • As opposed to fission where uranium is rare and must be mined • Safe • Only small amount of fuel required compared to fission reactors • no transport of radioactive fuel for normal operation • Most reactors make less radiation than the natural background • no meltdown accidents • Risk of accidental release is non-existent since plasma requires incredibly precise control • Clean • No combustion by products • no CO2 emissions • No weapons grade nuclear by products • Potential for production of electricity (and hydrogen)

10. Magnetic Confinement FUSION METHODS Inertial (laser) Confinement

11. Magnetic ConfinementTokomak • Invented in the 50’s by Soviet Physicists • Toroidalchamber with magnetic coils • Toroidal chamber with axial magnetic fields • Most common form of magnetic confinement reactor • Most studied • Walls “capture” the heat and pass it to a heat exchanger which produces steam to drive a turbine • ITER • International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor • Being built in France • First tokomak fusion reactor that will become productive

12. Plasma Turbulence: Edge Effects • Toroidal Coordinate System: • Common in plasma physics • Red arrow - poloidal direction (θ) • Blue arrow - toroidal direction (φ)

13. Inside JET

14. Captured by an ultra-high-speed camera, a pellet of fuel is injected into a plasma at the ASDEX Upgrade Tokomak in Garching, Germany. Photo: EFDA. Plasma image following the injection of a frozen deuterium pellet Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory JET

15. Fusion Temperature attained Fusion confinement one step away

16. ITER Reactor: Cross Section

17. Inertial (laser) Confinement • Implosion of micro-capsules of fuel by high power laser beams • Lasers cause instantaneous sublimation to plasma • Plasma envelope collapses under the radiative pressure • Collapse sends a shockwave through the fuel heating it to its critical temperature • Final stage the interior fuel reaches 20 times the density of lead and 108 K • Instead of having to confine the plasma for long periods, IC confines plasma in very short bursts • Still not as efficient as magnetic forms • Improvements in laser technology main priority

18. D-T micro-balloon fuel pellet

19. Gold Hohlraum Hohlraum Reactions

20. Lawrence Livermore National Lab

23. Recent Developments: Sandia National Laboratories • Two Purposes: • Weapons research • Pursue the ignition of fusion • Z Accelerator (inertial confinement) • Uses blasts of X-rays crashing into a hydrogen (deuterium) capsule at the center • 200 trillion watts of x-rays (10 x electrical energy than entire generating capacity of the world) • 15 million degrees centigrade Cheaper than Tokamaks and Lasers

25. Wrong path… • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KMmlSDWFIc&feature=related