Monastic Revival and the Crusades: Church Reform & Conflict in Medieval Europe

1. CH 14 Sec 1

2. Monastic Revival and Church Reform • Beginning in the 1000s, a spiritual revival spread across Europe, lead by the monasteries. • Reformers wanted to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion • The churches restored and expanded its power and authority.

3. Problems with the Church • Reformers were distressed about 3 main problems • Village priests were married and had families (against Church rulings) • Simony-positions in the church were being sold by bishops • Lay investiture-kings were in control of bishops • Pope Leo IX enforced Church laws against the 3 problems

4. Cathedrals-Cities of Gods • New style of architecture • Change from Romanesque style (round arches heavy roof, thick walls) to *Gothic Style (cathedrals with tall steeples thrusting upward toward heaven, huge stained glass windows • *The reason for the new structure was to show the power and wealth of the Church

5. Horrible Histories • The Crusades

6. THE CRUSADES –“Holy War” • 1093 – BYZANTINE EMPEROR ASKED FOR HELP AGAINST THE MUSLIM TURKS

7. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War” • *Pope Urban II asked people to regain the Holy Land • 200 years • *Goal recover Holy Land and Jerusalem from Islamic rulers

8. THE CRUSADES “Holy War” REASONS • GOD’S WILL • KINGS GOT RID OF KNIGHTS • YOUNGER SON COULD GAIN LAND

9. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War”REASONS • ASSURED A PLACE IN HEAVEN • MERCHANTS MADE PROFITS • SHIPS WERE LEASED

10. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War” • 1st – 1096 50,000-60,000 KNIGHTS BECAME CRUSADERS • MANY WILL DIE

11. Christianity and the Crusades

12. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War” • NOT WELL ORGANIZED • 3 ARMIES, MOSTLY FRENCH • NOT PREPARED FOR CLIMATE, SUPPLIES OR GOALS

13. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War” • ¼ OF SOLDIERS IN JULY, 1099 CAPTURED THE CITY OF JERUSALEM

14. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War” • 2ND TURKS CAPTURED EDESSA – SO CRUSADERS GO TO REGAIN IT • IT FAILED

15. THE CRUSADES • 3RD SALADIN – MUSLIM LEADER CAPTURED JERUSALEM • 3 KINGS CRUSADE

16. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War” • FREDERICK BARBAROSSA – GERMANY • PHILIP AUGUSTUS • *RICHARD THE LIONHEARTED

17. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War” • RICHARD AND SALADIN FOUGHT NUMEROUS BATTLES • BATTLE AT ACRE-3,000 MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN KILLED BY RICHARD

18. THE CRUSADES – “Holy War” • 1192 – TRUCE BETWEEN RICHARD AND SALADIN- MUSLIM KEPT JERUSALEM BUT PILGRIMS COULD VISIT SAFELY

19. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles-A Spanish Crusade • In Spain, Muslims had control of most of the country • *The effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain in the 1100s was called the Spanish Reconquista “In 1469, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. This marriage between the rulers of two powerful kingdoms opened the way for a united state. Using their combined forces, the two monarchs made a final push against the Muslim stronghold of Granada. In 1492, Granada fell….”

20. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles-A Spanish Crusade • In Spain power was in the hands of Isabella and Ferdinand • They wanted to unite their country under Christianity • *They used the Inquisition, a tribunal held by the church to suppress heresy (people whose religious beliefs were different from the church)

21. Effects of the Crusads • Power of the Pope declines • Feudal nobility weakened • Increased trade between Europe and Asia (Significant effect) • *Legacy of bitterness, tension and hate between the Muslims and the Christians (Long term effect/result) • *Cultural diffusion throughout Western Europe (Important effect) • *Contact with Muslim and Byzantine worlds brought new ideas to Western Europe (Direct Effect/Result)

22. Quick Review What was the new style of architecture used during the Age of Faith? The motivation for the grandeur of the structure was to show whose wealth? Isabella and Ferdinand used what religious tribunal to suppress heresy against the church? A major goal of the Catholic Church during the Crusades was to? What was the most significant effect of the Crusades? One important effect of the Crusades on Western Europe was that they? An important long-term result of the Crusades in the Middle East was? What was a direct result of the Crusades?

23. Chapter 14 Section 2:Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution

24. Growing Food Supply • Using horsepower • Peasants had depended on oxen to pull plows, but they moved slowly. • Horses needed better food, but a team of horses could plow twice as fast as oxen • Developed a new harness to fit around the horses chest, taking pressure off their neck and windpipe • Oxen were replaced by horses

25. Three Field System By rotating crops on three fields instead of two, food production increased. When food production increases people eat better. When people eat better they live longer When people live longer, the population increases.

26. Trade and Finance Expand As trade expanded artisans and craftsmen were manufacturing goods by hand for local and long distance trade. *During the Middle Ages, merchants and craftsmen in Europe began organizing into powerful associations known as guilds. (similar to today’s unions) Guilds controlled all wages and prices for their craft

27. Overview: Life after the Crusades

28. Effect of the Crusades There was a revival in learning in Europe after the Crusades The Muslims had preserved the libraries of the Greeks and much was brought back from the Crusades The Crusaders brought back ancient text from Muslims and Byzantine libraries

29. Universities Began to Appear • Paris, France • Bologna and Salerno, Italy • Oxford and Cambridge, England

30. Universities • Taught geometry, astronomy, Latin, grammar and logic the basis of Liberal Arts Education • Originally designated for a group of scholars but NOW it is an institution of higher learning

31. Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy • Christian scholars were excited by Greek writings • *Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologica after studying the works of Aristotle where he addressed the issue of Aristotle’s work was compatible with Christians doctrines, and God gave man the power to reason. • *His writings influenced political thought in North American colonies because Aquinas believed in “natural law” and that people have the right to overthrow an unjust ruler. • *Alchemy is the theory that advocated faith and rational experiments are compatible

32. Quick Review Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologica after studying the works of Aristotle. What were the important issues Aquinas addresses in his book? How did Thomas Aquinas’ writings influence political thought in the North American colonies? During the later Middle Ages, merchants and craftsmen in Europe began organizing into powerful associations known as?

33. Chapter 14 Section 3England Develops a Parliament and the Magna Carta

34. Eleanor of Aquitaine • The most powerful women during the Middle Ages • Wife of 2 kings (Louis VII & Henry), mother of 2 kings (Richard the Lionhearted and John)

35. Magna Carta • Henry was succeeded by Richard the Lion hearted. Then John took over after Richard’s death. • John had many problems • Mean to his subjects • Raised taxes to finance a war • Nobles revolted

36. Magna Carta (Great Charter) • June 15, 1215, nobles forced John to sign the Magna Carta-the most celebrated document in English history. • *List of feudal rights that limited the power of the English monarchy • Guaranteed certain basic and political rights • *Included no taxation without representation, jury trial and the protection of the law (considered basic legal rights in England and the US)

37. Model Parliament • Was set up in Nov, 1295 • *Legislative body of medieval Europe • Two burgesses (citizens of wealth & property) from every borough and two knights from every county • Met whenever a new tax was needed

38. Quick Review The Magna Carta can best be described as a list of? What was the name of the legislative body of medieval England? The motivation behind the nobles desire to force King John to sign the Magna Carta was?