The Economic Problem s : Scarcity and Choice

The Economic Problems: Scarcity and Choice

Topics to Discussed • Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost • Scarcity and Choicein an Economy • Comparative Advantageand Trade • Specializationand Comparative Advantage • Capital Goods and Consumer Goods • The Production Possibility Frontier • Economic Growth & Economic Systems

Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost • Human wants are unlimited, but resources are not. • Three basic questions must be answered in order to understand an economic system: • What gets produced? • How is it produced? • Who gets what is produced?

Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost • Every society has some system or mechanism that transforms that society’s scarce resources into useful goods and services.

Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost • Production is the process that transforms scarce resources into useful goods and services. • Resources or factors of production are the inputs into the process of production; goods and services of value to households are the outputs of the process of production.

Scarcity, Choice, and Opportunity Cost • The basic resources that are available to a society are factors of production: • Land • Labor • Capital • Capital refers to the things that are themselves produced and then used to produce other goods and services.

Scarcity and Choicein a One-Person Economy • Nearly all the basic decisions that characterise complex economies must also be made in a single-person economy. • Constrained choice andscarcity are the basic concepts that apply to every society.

Scarcity and Choicein a One-Person Economy • Opportunity cost is that which we give up or forgo, when we make a decision or a choice.

Scarcity and Choicein an Economy of Two or More • A producer has an absolute advantage over another in the production of a good or service if it can produce that product using fewer resources.

Scarcity and Choicein an Economy of Two or More • A producer has a comparative advantage in the production of a good or service over another if it can produce that product at a lower opportunity cost.

Comparative Advantageand the Gains From Trade • Colleen has an absolute advantage in the production of both wood and food because she can produce more of both goods using fewer resources than Bill.

Comparative Advantageand the Gains From Trade • In terms of wood: • For Bill, the opportunity cost of 8 bushels of food is 4 logs. • For Colleen, the opportunity cost of 8 bushels of food is 8 logs. • In terms of food: • For Colleen, the opportunity cost of 10 logs is 10 bushels of food. • For Bill, the opportunity cost of 10 logs is 20 bushels of food.

Specialization, Exchangeand Comparative Advantage • According to the theory of competitive advantage, specialization and free trade will benefit all trading parties, even those that may be absolutely more efficient producers.

Capital Goods and Consumer Goods • Capital goods are goods used to produce other goods and services. • Consumer goods are goods produced for present consumption.

Capital Goods and Consumer Goods • Investment is the process of using resources to produce new capital. Capital is the accumulation of previous investment. • The opportunity cost of every investment in capital is forgone present consumption.

The Production Possibility Frontier • The production possibility frontier (ppf) is a graph that shows all of the combinations of goods and services that can be produced if all of society’s resources are used efficiently.

The Production Possibility Frontier • The production possibility frontier curve has a negative slope, which indicates a trade-off between producing one good or another.

The Production Possibility Frontier • Points inside of the curve are inefficient. • At point H, resources are either unemployed, or are used inefficiently.

The Production Possibility Frontier • Point F is desirable because it yields more of both goods, but it is not attainable given the amount of resources available in the economy.

The Production Possibility Frontier • Point C is one of the possible combinations of goods produced when resources are fully and efficiently employed.

The Production Possibility Frontier • A move along the curve illustrates the concept of opportunity cost. • From point D, an increase the production of capital goods requires a decrease in the amount of consumer goods.

The Law of Increasing Opportunity Cost • The slope of the ppf curve is also called the marginal rate of transformation (MRT). • The negative slope of the ppf curve reflects the law of increasing opportunity cost. As we increase the production of one good, we sacrifice progressively more of the other.

Economic Growth • Economic growth is an increase in the total output of the economy. It occurs when a society acquires new resources, or when it learns to produce more using existing resources. • The main sources of economic growth are capital accumulation and technological advances.

Economic Growth • Outward shifts of the curve represent economic growth. • An outward shift means that it is possible to increase the production of one good without decreasing the production of the other.

Economic Growth • From point D, the economy can choose any combination of output between F and G.

Economic Growth • Not every sector of the economy grows at the same rate. • In this historic example, productivity increases were more dramatic for corn than for wheat over this time period.

Capital Goods and Growthin Poor and Rich Countries • Rich countries devote more resources to capital production than poor countries. • As more resources flow into capital production, the rate of economic growth in rich countries increases, and so does the gap between rich and poor countries.

Economic Growthand the Gains From Trade • By specializing and engaging in trade, Colleen and Bill can move beyond their own production possibilities.

Economic Systems • The economic problem: Given scarce resources, how, exactly, do large, complex societies go about answering the three basic economic questions?

Economic Systems • Economic systems are the basic arrangements made by societies to solve the economic problem. They include: • Command economies • Laissez-faire economies • Mixed systems

Economic Systems • In a command economy, a central government either directly or indirectly sets output targets, incomes, and prices. • In a laissez-faire economy,individuals and firms pursue their own self-interests without any central direction or regulation.

Economic Systems • The central institution of a laissez-faire economy is the free-market system. • A market is the institution through which buyers and sellers interact and engage in exchange.

Economic Systems • Consumer sovereignty is the idea that consumers ultimately dictate what will be produced (or not produced) by choosing what to purchase (and what not to purchase).

Economic Systems • Free enterprise: under a free market system, individual producers must figure out how to plan, organize, and coordinate the production of products and services.

Economic Systems • In a laissez-faire economy, the distribution of output is also determined in a decentralized way. The amount that any one household gets depends on its income and wealth.

Economic Systems • The basic coordinating mechanism in a free market system is price. Price is the amount that a product sells for per unit. It reflects what society is willing to pay.

Mixed Systems,Markets, and Governments Since markets are not perfect, governments intervene and often play a major role in the economy. Some of the goals of government are to: • Minimize market inefficiencies • Provide public goods • Redistribute income • Stabilize the macroeconomy: • Promote low levels of unemployment • Promote low levels of inflation

Review Terms and Concepts laissez-faire economy marginal rate of transformation (mrt) market opportunity cost outputs price production production possibility frontier (ppf) resources or inputs three basic questions absolute advantage capital command economy comparative advantage, theory of consumer goods consumer sovereignty economic growth economic problem investment

Assigment Week-2 • Question # 3. The process that transforms scarce resources into useful goods and services, called : • consumption • production • distribution • transfortation • transformation • Question # 4. The basic resources that are available to a society are factors of production: • Land • Labor • Capital • All are true • All are false Question # 1. Human wants are unlimited, but resources available to fulfill : • but resources are not • and neither does resources • and so the respurces • all are true • all are false Question # 2. What gets produced?How is it produced? and Who gets what is produced? are : • three un-important questions • three fundamental questions • three basic questions • (b) and (c) are true • All are false

Assigment Week-2 • Question #7. If a producer (country or region) can produce a product using lower opportunity costs, it is call that the producer : • has a comparative advantage • has an absolut advantage • competitive advantage • has a resources advantage • all are true • Question # 8. Those goods that used to produce other goods and services, called : • consumer goods and services • capital goods and services • productive goods and services • investment goods and services • all are true Question # 5. Opportunity cost is best defined as : • the money spent once a choice is made. • the sum of all alternatives given up when a choice is made. • the cost of a good, less profits. • the highest valued alternative given up when a choice is made. • the cost of capital resources used in the production of additional capital Question # 6. If a producer (country or region) can produce a product using fewer resources, it is call that the producer : • has a comparative advantage • has an absolut advantage • competitive advantage • has a resources advantage • all are true

Assigment Week-2 Question # 9. Those goods that produced for present consumption, called : • consumer goods and services • capital goods and services • productive goods and services • investment goods and services • all are true Question # 10. A graph that shows all of the combinations of goods and services that can be produced if all of society’s resources are used efficiently, called : • production possibility frontier • consumption possibility frontier • distribution possibility froniter • transportation possibility frontier • transformation possibility frontier Question # 11. If a nation is operating at a point lying inside its production possibilities curve (at point H), that is a sign of which of the following conditions? The nation is not fully or efficiently utilizing its resources. The nation has likely just discovered a technological advance in one of its key industries. The nation is clarly utilizing its resources efficiently. The nation is producing the maximum output that can be produced with a limited quantity and quality of resources. The nation is producing the maximum output that can be produced with its unlimited quantity of resources.

Assigment Week-2 Question # 13. Economic growth can be illustrated : by an inward shift of the production possibilities curve. by a downward movement along the production possibilities curve. by a movement toward the production possibilities curve. by an upward movement along the production possibilities curve. by an outward shift of the production possibilities curve. Question # 14. Marginal opportunity cost is defined to be : the declining ability of a country to correct its balance of trade deficit. always unchanging. always decreasing. less productive resources. the amount of one good or service that must be forgone to obtain an additional unit of another good. Question # 12. An economy that produces only bread and petroleum jelly, operating on a bowed-out PPC (or PPF), now discovers a new source of oil. Assume oil is an input only in the production of petroleum jelly. Which of the graphs in the figure below depicts the resulting shift of the PPC? • Figure A • Figure B • Figure C • Figures B and C are both possible • None of these

Assigment Week-2 • Question # 16. When economists refer to the public sector, they refer to: • the firms. • the public universities. • the political parties. • the government. • the households. • Question # 17. In general, the purpose of markets is to • provide a means for unrecorded payments. • provide a forum for exchange of political benefits. • provide a means for illegal transactions. • facilitate the exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. • facilitate the exchange of illegal commodities Question # 15. Given the differences in opportunity costs within individual countries, it makes sense for countries • to force protectionism of the most important domestic industries, using tariffs and quotas. • to devalue their currencies at least once a year. • to specialize in activities in which opportunity costs are highest and then avoid trade in order to manage trade deficit. • to insist upon protection against foreign competition through legislation. • to specialize in activities in which opportunity costs are lowest and then trade.

Assigment Week-2 • Question # 19. Consumer sovereignty refers to : • the idea that the desires of both producers and the government ultimately decide what is produced. • the idea that consumers try to maximize their expenditures. • the idea that consumers ultimately determine what is produced. • a situation in which the government decides what is produced. • the fact that consumers' choices are limited to what the producers decide to produce. • Question # 20. According to what we have learned, there are significant differences between the market system and the centrally planned system. All of the following are differences except : • private individuals starting new businesses. • private ownership of land. • private ownership of businesses. • the existence of a government. • private choices and purchases of goods and services. Question #18. Barter is trade : • without the use of money. • only with the use of money. • within countries who are experiencing foreign currency exchange problems. • only in underdeveloped countries. • barter does not exist in modern economy

The Economic Problem s : Scarcity and Choice