Monique Ramioul Research Institute for Work and Society HIVA – K.U.Leuven

1. The EU2020 employment package “More and better jobs”: The green economy Monique RamioulResearch InstituteforWorkand Society HIVA – K.U.Leuven

2. The EU2020 employment package “More and better jobs” Job growth and job quality Green jobs and job quality Workplace and workers’ strategies M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

3. The EU2020 employment package “More and better jobs” Job growth and job quality Green jobs and job quality Workplace and workers’ strategies in the green economy New jobs in care M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

4. The EU2020 employment package “More and better jobs” Europe wants the become an economy that is: • Smart => productive and innovative, educated workforce • Sustainable => climate and energy-efficiency goals • Inclusive => employment, education The Employment Package includes the objective to have more and better jobs: • Job creation • Job-rich growth • In the green economy • In health care, personal and household services • In ICT M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

5. Employment trends and shifts in the employmentstructure Overall employment evolution • 2000-2007: job growth all across EU (most in DE, SP, FR, IT, UK) • 2008-2012: 6 mio jobs were lost (exc. In DE,LU, HU, MA, AT) • And not yet recovered in 2012 Recent figures from ILO-study: • 26,3 mio Europeans,10,9% of EU workforce, are unemployed in Feb. 2013 • On the rise: • long-term unemployment, discouraged jobseekers going into inactivity • Atypical forms of employment: part-time and temporary work • Most hit: youth (23,5% in Feb 2013) and 30% of youth is at risk of poverty and social inclusion (2011) • Low-skilled M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

6. Employment trends and shifts in the employmentstructure Employment structure: The EUROFOUND job monitor approach • Total working population divided in 5 groups, based on wage (low-paid, mid-low paid, mid-paid, mid-high paid, high- paid) • Evolution of employment in each pay-group: • shows employment structure of a country • compares employment structures across time: shifts in employment structures M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

7. Shifts in the employment structure Several possible trends: (2011-2012) Upgrading Polarisation Downgrading M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

8. Shifts in the employment structure General trend Red = countrieshardest hit during crisis Blue = countriesleast hit during crisis M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

9. Employment trends and shifts in the employmentstructure Key messages: • About 6 mio jobs have been lost in the crisis • No really improvements since • During the crisis: general polarisation trends with high job loss in the middle level wage groups • Countries hardest hit: polarisation and downgrading • Countries less hit: less job loss in higher skill levels (upgrading) M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

10. What is job quality: 38 job characteristics impact on job quality Job demands • Physical demands • Environmental/ambiant demands • Work load (pace and amount) • Intellectual and emotional demands • Task complexity • Workload • Interaction with others Job resources • Autonomy • Repetitiveness/variety of tasks • Social support • Teamwork Pay (wage level,…) Skills and development (training, learning, skill utilisation) Security and flexibility • Contract (temporary) • Fultime/parttime work • Career perspectives • Atypical working hours • Flexible working hours Labour relations and engagement • Voice and say • Supportive management • Employee representation • Violence and harrasment M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

11. A clustered approach: 7 types of job quality M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

12. Where are the good jobs? Job Types by Main Sectors (Holman&McClelland – WALQING, 2012) • Service sector has fewer low quality jobs than Industry (53.2% vs. 59.9%) except for insecure jobs! M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

13. Where are the good jobs? Growing and Declining Sectors(Holman&McClelland – WALQING, 2012) • Growing sectors (43.3%) have fewer low quality jobs than declining sectors (61.3%) except for insecure jobs! Still 1:5 is ‘new’ passive job M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

14. Fast growing, low quality sectors (NACE) (Holman&McClelland – WALQING, 2012) • Not all growing sectors offer high level of quality jobs M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

15. Estimated Job Creation 2000-2008 by Job Type (Holman&McClelland – WALQING, 2012) • 8.48 million low quality jobs created • 8.19 million high and moderate quality jobs created • One cannot rely on sector change to increase high quality jobs M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

16. Job growth and job quality Key messages: • There are different types of good and bad jobs • These are distributed very differently • Fewer service jobs are of low quality BUT they are more insecure jobs • Job growth is not necessarily only in good jobs: they may be insecure and high strain (catering, care) or passive (construction) • Job growth in the service sector cannot be relied on to produce “more and better jobs” economies • The recession has accentuated this even more M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

17. The EU2020 employment package “More and better jobs” Job growth and job quality Green jobs and job quality Workplace and workers’ strategies in the green economy New jobs in care M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

18. The EU2020 employment package “More and better jobs” The greening of the economy is at the section of two key EU2020 objectives: • Job-rich growth ambitions • Reduction beyond 20% (or even 30%) of GHG emissions • 20% increase in energy efficiency M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

19. A specific focus on green jobs The green economy is considered as a key resource of job creation in Europe. Current estimates (Ecorys 2012) are: • 2.8 mio new jobs by increasing resource efficiency • 2 mio new jobs by energy efficiency measures • 3 mio new jobs by boosting renewable energies BUT: the transition requires investments in skills in emerging green sectors and active policies to preserve employment in traditional industries M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

20. A specific focus on green jobs Definitions: “All jobs that depend on the environment or are created, substituted or redefined in the transition process towards a greener economy” (Ecorys, 2012) • Created: e.g. installation of solar panels or water pumps in construction, energy-auditors • Substituted: e.g. waste and recycling • Redefined-transformed: e.g. isolation in construction, shift to energy-efficient production, craddle-to-craddle production M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

21. A specific focus on green jobs The green job agenda focusses on sectors with each have different challenges and require different strategies: • Eco-industries: environmental protection and resource management estimated at 3,4 mio workers in the EU (2012) (but figures are incomplete) • Greening of traditional/ emission-intensive industries: energy supply and energy-use sectors, transport estimated at 15,8 mio workers in the EU (2011) representing up to 7,45% of total EU employment in 2011 (significant differences within the EU) M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

22. Emission-intensive industries Impact of emission-reduction strategies on GDP and on employment depends on: • Regional concentration of these industries • Re-investment of taxes into economy - labour market (reduction of labour costs) a reduction of GHG emissions is possible without affecting GDP and employment seriously. It could even lead to 1.5 mio new jobs by 2020 in the most optimistic scenario (EC impactstudy 2011) M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

23. Green economy and job quality Some observations and estimations (Eurofound) Emerging eco-industries may be likely to have: • Lower degree of representation (e.g. collective agreements coverage) • More widespread patterns of undeclared work (in SMEs) • SMEs with poorer working conditions • More volatile companies • More outsourcing and more SMEs and self-employed • Health and safety effects: new or transferred hazards BUT (…) M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

24. Green economy and job quality (…) the willingness to innovate may also have positive effects on job quality • Greening associated with new technologies • Social innovation • New skills: investments in training • Focus on attracting and retaining of high skilled workforce • Better working conditions • Companies more sensitive to reputation • If… resources are available M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

25. Green economy and job quality Health and safety • New risks: e.g. cadmium telluride in solar industry • Old risks abolished: e.g. materials in construction • Transferred risks: e.g. working on roofs • New combinations of risks with emerging technologies Companies across all sectors will have to adapt their current risk anticipation, identification, evaluation and control activities to the emerging technologies M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

26. Impact of greening: an illustration from the WALQING project Greening in construction: more teamwork or more standardisation? M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

27. Greening in construction: what is it? Construction sector: implementation of full range of measures to raise energy-efficiency may create 400.000 new jobs • Energy-friendly constructions: buildings in conformitywith the European E standard, thatgraduallygrowsstricter (has come down from E100 to E60 at this moment). The E standardtakesinto account the insulationquality of the dwelling and the heat source(s) • Passivehouses (criteria: lowenergyconsumption, airtightedness, limitation of the room temperaturesduring the hot season) • Eco-friendlyconstructions: energy-friendlyorpassive house + use of sustainable and low-carbon building materials M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

28. Greening in construction: impact Traditionally: improvisation • Every construction site is unique • Continuous change of workplace and environment • Typical: underspecifications of plan • Requiring high levels of contextualisation and improvisation • The next in stage repairs the errors of the previous… Trend: standardisation • A paramount requirement of accuracy, sense of detail and high quality performance • Detailed specification of all components and processes • Are a prerequisite for the performance tests M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

29. Greening in construction: impact Response: • ‘Professionalisation’ : growing use of management techniques (e.g. ex-ante and ex-post cost calculations,just-in-time delivery…) • Prefabrication of components: walls and roofs • to be produced at central workshops or specialised subcontractors with JIT delivery • This aleviates health and safety risks considerable BUT!! very contrasting effects on job content and intrinsic job quality caused by different corporate and management strategies M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

30. Standardisation and prefabrication M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

31. Standardisation and prefabrication M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

32. First management strategy: maximise control, minimise risks • Building a house boiling down toassembling standardised elements • Short-cycled and repetitive work done by new immigrants • Top-down management: adherencetodetailedinstructions and stricttime tables, high process-control and bureaucratisation • Maximum outsourcing, vertical relationship between main contractor en subcontractor M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

33. Second management strategy : maximise involvement • Experienced buildershavinganinsight in the why and how of eco-friendlyconstructiontechniques • Craftmanship is valued, training efforts for all • High autonomy • Working in construction teams – mutual responsibilities • Decentralised, on-site planning and regulation, involving all concerned • Sharing of information and finetuning of plans M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

34. The impact of greening on job quality Key messages • It is impossible to isolate effects of climate change from broader contextual factors (globalisation, technological progress, the crisis, rising public debt levels, aging) • Very different effects across (green) sectors, occupations and regions • No evidence for direct or indirect causalities between climate change and job quality • Company policies matter! • the crisis seems to slow down climate change response strategies due to shrinking financial resources M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

35. The EU2020 employment package “More and better jobs”: Job growth and job quality Green jobs and job quality Workplace and workers’ strategies in the green economy New jobs in care M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

36. Workers’ strategies Trade union position: • Unions were fixated too long on coping with consequences of subsequent restructurings • They have to consider innovation and greening as an opportunity because : • innovation means job creation • A competitive firm is a common interest and shared goal M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

37. Workers’ strategies: participate in innovation and greening Broadening the diagnosis: look at the full picture • Not only wage costs, productivity, lack of skills • Also quality, mistakes, use of material and energy, unsafe working environment… • Employees know where the problems are; this shopfloor knowledge should be better acknowledged and used employees are the experts as far as work is concerned M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

38. Workers’ strategies: participate in innovation and greening Examples: • IG Metall’s ‘better not cheaper’ strategy as an offensive approach • Participate in joint surveys on energy-use and in energy audits • Identify energy and resource hotspots where interventions are needed M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

39. Workers’ strategies: innovating the social dialogue Innovating the social dialogue Unions/employees should be partners of employers in seeking strategic answers and participate in innovation and greening: • Participation in innovation is not to be hindered by collective bargaining on working conditions: these should be taken out of the innovation/greening agenda • Active participation in diagnosis, analysis, solutions and implementation • Motivate colleagues and raise awareness M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

40. Workers’ strategies: innovating the social dialogue Examples: • Including energy efficiency targets in collective agreements • Appointing a ‘green’ employee representative • Give ER green responsibilities (eg. monitoring) • Plan and develop environmental training at the workplace • Support energy audits and other awareness initatives M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

41. Conclusion: A triple win Competitiveness Better job quality A healthier environment M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

42. The EU2020 employment package “More and better jobs”: Job growth and job quality Green jobs and job quality Workplace and workers’ strategies in the green economy New jobs in care M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

43. The care sector Growing sector ànd expected to grow: • Especially elderly care, including at home • Over the next 40 years: (EUROFOUND) • proportion over 65 will double from 17% in 2005 to 30% in 2050 • proportion over 80: increase in threefold • Health and social work sector: • Between 2000-2009: + 4,2 mio jobs leading to 21,4 mio jobs • Shortage of local labour lead to increasing reliance on migrant workforce (whether legal or not) M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

44. The care sector Care is organised in Europe in different care regimes: • Northern Europe: state responsibility based on taxes • Continental: insurance systems and universal cover • Mediterranean: family-based and social assistance/ not-for-profit/third sector • Central-Eastern EU: families legally or implicitly bound to care and strict entrance criteria to public funds (subsidiarity) • UK: massive contracting out of public health care provision leading to fierce competition amongst private service providers M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

45. Health and social work are under reform everywhere 1. First trend: privatisation and outsourcing: • Decrease of direct service provision and privatisation • New models of purchase by public services: public procurement and outsourcing, sometimes in subsequent tiers • Triangular and “quardangular” relationships between: • public procurement/purchase • service provider(s) • Workers • Public austerity programmes further increase pressure on costs, hence on wages and contracts of the service provider M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

46. Health and social work are under reform 2. Second trend: shift from institutional to domiciliary care • Domestic care offered by public, private or non-profit providers or by self-employed • Reinforcing shifts from skilled to unskilled labour force in care • This ‘personalisation’ of care contributes to creating different new types of jobs often less-regulated and protected M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

47. Health and social work are under reform 3. Third trend: skill-based segmentation • Personal care: growing differentiations between types of care and growing professionalisation and regulation Versus • Household tasks, personal hygiene, cleaning, support,… which are in the low-skilled /low-paid segment • This leads to skill-based and often also ethnic segmentation • BUT: the boundaries are under constant negotiation and in practice often blurred: tasks overlap, patients’ needs evolveand emotional support is left to the implicit task agenda M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

48. A sector of (growing) vulnerabilities Consequences: • Growing erosion of public employment models: from civil servant to precarious worker • Increasing reliance on migrant workers, whether legal, semi-legal or undeclared • Increasing reliance on unskilled labour force (segmentation) • Co-existence of formal work and informal labour • Increasing pressure on costs and contracts • This also puts the position of skilled workforce under high pressure as they are comparatively expensive and boundaries between care tasks are blurring and escape from control in the private sphere M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

49. A sector of (growing) vulnerabilities (…) • Weakening of employee representation and collective bargaining as a result of outsourcing and privatisation and the shift to domestic care • Control of work organisation and working conditions and voice or collective action are difficult at home and in triangular relationships M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series

50. Fast growing, low quality sectors (NACE) (Holman&McClelland – WALQING, 2012) • Not all growing sectors offer high level of quality jobs M. Ramioul – EZA-seminar series