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Learning II - Operant Learning

Learning II - Operant Learning. How Do Operants and Respondents Differ?. Operants are Emitted Respondents Elicited Operants Occur Because of Their Consequences Respondents by Antecedents 3) Operants Include a Wider Range of Behaviors Respondents are/were Reflexes

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Learning II - Operant Learning

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  1. Learning II - Operant Learning

  2. How Do Operants and Respondents Differ? • Operants are Emitted Respondents Elicited • Operants Occur Because of Their Consequences Respondents by Antecedents • 3) Operants Include a Wider Range of Behaviors Respondents are/were Reflexes • 4) Operant Learning Produces New Behavior Respondent - existing behavior to a new stimulus

  3. The Four Term Contingency • The First Term - R: The Response • R • The Second Term - The Consequence • R----->Sr+ or Sr- • The Third Term - The Discriminative Stimulus (Sd) • SdRS+r SdRS-r • The Fourth Term - The Setting Event (SE)

  4. The Four Term Contingency SD ------->R-------->S +r ( -r) Setting Event

  5. 1st Term - The Response • Behavior • Response Classes • Topographic • Functional • Geographic

  6. Topographic Response Class • Based on its form or appearance • Examples • running • talking • head-banging

  7. Functional Response Class • Different topographies have same effect on environment • Examples • Waving hands • Yelling “Stop” • Writing the word “stop”

  8. Geographic Response Class • Outside of our skin - Public Behavior • Inside our skin - Private Behavior

  9. Response Classes meansResponse Variability • Variability means selection • Selection by Consequences • Consequences means response has an effect on stimuli

  10. Term - The Consequence • Consequence means an event follows the response • Consequence is defined functionally --by its effect on the response • Response - Consequence relationship is a Contingency - an if-then relationship • Consequence determines if a response will probably occur

  11. Consequence is Defined by its Function • What happens as a result of R---> S Contingency? • Strengthen • Weaken • No Effect

  12. Five Consequences • R------->S • Response adds (+) Stim. Response increases • R --removes--> S • Response subtracts(-) Stim. Response increases • R --------->S • Response adds (+) Stim. Response decreases • R --removes-->S • Response removes S. Response decreases • R ----/---> • Response has no effect. Stimulus is withheld

  13. Positive Reinforcement • R------->S • Response adds (+) Stim. Response increases • Name of Operation: Positive Reinforcement • Name of Stimulus: Positive Reinforcer • Examples:

  14. Negative Reinforcement • R --removes--> S • Response subtracts(-) Stim. Response increases • Name of Operation: Negative Reinforcement • Name of Stimulus: Negative Reinforcer • Examples:

  15. Punishment by “Hurt”(Positive Punishment) • R --------->S • Response adds (+) Stim. Response decreases • Name of Operation: Punishment by “hurt” • Positive Punishment • Name of Stimulus: Negative Reinforcer • Examples:

  16. Punishment by “Loss”(Negative Punishment) • R --removes-->S • Response removes S. Response decreases • Name of Operation: Punishment by “loss” • Negative Punishment • Name of Stimulus: Positive Reinforcer • Responses which lose negative reinforcers decrease • Examples:

  17. Extinction • R ----/---> • Response has no effect. Stimulus is withheld • Usually immediate effect - Extinction Burst • Gradual decrease to Operant Level • Difference with Negative Punishment • Neg. Punishment: Stimulus is removed • Extinction: Stimulus is withheld

  18. Reinforcing Consequence • Always a strengthening of behavior • Increase in probability of occurrence • Increase in magnitude, etc. • Positive Reinforcement - Response Adds Stimulus • Negative Reinforcement - Response Removes Stimulus

  19. What Changes?--The Development of Reinforcing Stimuli • Primary Reinforcer • Present at Birth • Universal • Acquired (Secondary) Reinforcers • Associated with other reinforcers • Learned • Non-universal and Generalized

  20. Primary Reinforcers • Present at Birth • Universal • Examples: • Food • Liquid • Touch • Smell • Air

  21. Shaping • Reinforcement of Successive Approximations • Important for the Development of New Behaviors

  22. Term - Discriminative Stimulus • SD or Sd • Sets the occasion for or signals response • CUE • Correlated with response having a consequence • An Sd is also a reinforcing stimulus • S+r or S-r

  23. Chaining • Links of 3 Term contingencies • Held together by consequence at end • Forward Chaining • Start at begining and work toward end • Backward Chaining • Start at last Contingency & work forward

  24. Operant Learning and Dynamical Principles of Development

  25. Coalescent Organization Revisited

  26. Another Look at the Emergence of Dynamic Attractors • Remembering the Importance of Leading Parts or Control Parameters • The Issue of Nonlinearity • Learning and Dynamical Systems in Summary

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