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Operant (Instrumental) Learning

Operant (Instrumental) Learning. Lecture 4. What’s going to happen next?. If we know…we can be prepared Increases our chances for success Predicting important events critical for survival food & water sex danger ~. Associative Learning. Events become associated linked Association via

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Operant (Instrumental) Learning

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  1. Operant (Instrumental)Learning Lecture 4

  2. What’s going to happen next? • If we know…we can be prepared • Increases our chances for success • Predicting important events critical for survival • food & water • sex • danger ~

  3. Associative Learning • Events become associated • linked • Association via • Respondent Learning (AKA: Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning) • involuntary behavior • Operant Learning (AKA: Instrumental) • motivated behavior ~

  4. Motivated Behavior • Not all behavior reflexive • Involuntary • Respondent / Elicited • Triggered by external events • Motivated behavior • Voluntary • Operant / Emitted • Attempt to change environment ~

  5. Motivated Behavior • Behavior controlled by past experiences • Consequences of past behavior important • NOT goals or intent • Mechanical process • conscious mental effort NOT required • but can facilitate ~

  6. Response Selection • Analogous to natural selection • Adaptive behaviors “survive” • Hedonism • Seek pleasure • Avoid pain • Benefits survival and well-being ~

  7. + Environmental Consequences Changes in Behavior Response Variation Optimal response will be strongest

  8. Learning New Behaviors • How is behavior established (acquired)? • familiar responses in new situations • combine familiar responses in new ways • Can produce complex behaviors • Playing piano, repairing car, etc., etc., etc.~

  9. E. L. Thorndike • Animal learning • Trial & error learning • Puzzle box • Instrumental learning • Behavior instrumental in producing a specific outcome • Environment changes organism ~

  10. Thorndike’s Laws *Law of Effect *Law of Readiness Law of Exercise

  11. Thorndike’s Law of Effect • Behavior leads to… • Satisfying outcome  behavior repeated • Strengthened • Will act to approach or maintain • Annoying outcome  NOT repeated • Weakened • Will act to avoid or discontinue ~

  12. Satisfying for Whom? • Neurons • Neural connections • b/n sensory events & behavioral responses • Strengthened or weakened • Not necessarily for the individual • Maladaptive behaviors can be strengthened • i.e., drug abuse ~

  13. Law of Readiness • Strengthening requires motivation • hunger, thirst, etc. • Physiological state important • also cognitive state • Role of nervous system • Organization • State • strength of connection ~

  14. Law of Readiness • When you are ready to engage in a behavior • Doing it is satisfying • Not doing it is annoying • When you are not ready to do something • Being forced to act is annoying ~

  15. Controlled by Consequences • Situational cues important • Outcome of behavior may differ • e.g, stopping at a traffic light • Antecedents = Cues • Signals situation • Likely outcome ~

  16. ABCs of Behavior • Antecedents • Signals likely outcome • Behavior • Response attempting to produce adaptive outcome • Consequences • Outcome of behavior • Strengthens or weakens behavior ~

  17. : SD B SR Antecedent (Signal) Consequence(Outcome) Behavior(Response) Operant/Instrumental Notation B C A

  18. Operant/Instrumental Notation • SR (or S*) • biologically important stimulus • Consequence of behavior • B (or R) • Response or behavior • Acts on environment • B-SR contingency • Response  SR ~

  19. : SD B SR Operant/Instrumental Notation • Discriminative stimulus • SD (or S+) • Cue that signals SR available • SΔ (or S-) • signals SR not available ~

  20. Consequences of Behavior • Classes of stimuli • Appetitive • Aversive • Consequence • SR occurs • Positive contingency • SR prevented/ terminated • negative contingency ~

  21. Strengthening behavior • Reinforcement • increases responding • strengthens a response • Reinforcers: biologically important • SR • 2 types of reinforcement ~

  22. Operant Conditioning Contingency positive negative terminate or prevent occurs Positive RFT appetitive SR Negative RFT aversive

  23. Reinforcement • Depends on type of stimulus & outcome • Positive RFT • positive contingency appetitive SR • Depends on certain response • strengthens behavior ~

  24. Reinforcement • Negative RFT • negative contingency with SR • avoidance or termination of aversive SR • avoidance = preventing • escape = termination • NOT occurrence of aversive SR • Reinforcement strengthens behavior ~

  25. Punishment • Weakens behavior • NOT like negative reinforcement • Positive punishment • B  aversive SR • positive contingency • Negative punishment • B  terminates appetitive SR • or prevents • aka omission training ~

  26. Operant Conditioning Contingency positive negative terminate or prevent occurs Negative Punishment Positive RFT appetitive SR Negative RFT PositivePunishment aversive

  27. Extinction of Reinforced Behavior Behavior changes relatively permanent Modifiable if situation changes B no longer followed by important event SD : B  No SR  B NOT unlearning, forgetting Association still intact Spontaneous recovery, disinhibition, etc. ~

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