Polyploidy

1. Polyploidy …more than two haploid sets of chromosomes are present, • 2n = diploid, • 3n = triploid, • 4n = tetraploid, • etc.

2. Autopolyploidy ...polyploidy resulting from the replication of one or more sets of chromosomes, …the additional set of chromosomes is identical to the normal haploid complement of that species.

3. Autopolyploidy …can be induced by treating cells with the drug colchicine, • colchicine: is a alkaloid derivative from the autumn crocus (Crocus veneris), ...inhibits microtubule polymerization, and thus inhibits the separation of chromosomes during meiosis.

4. Colchicine Treatment • cells undergo S-phase, • no separation of chromosomes is accomplished, • no cell division occurs, • at telophase, the nuclear membrane reforms, • treatment for one cell cycle leads to 4n cells.

5. Amphidiploid …double diploid, 2n1 + 2n2 …have balanced gametes of the type n1 + n2, these gametes fuse to make fertile 2n1 + 2n2.

6. Autopolyploidy Applications • Treating a plant with colchicine often produces autopolyploidy, resulting in plants with larger flowers and/or fruit, 4n 2n 8n 2n

7. n = 9 B. napas ( Oil rape, canola oil) 2n1 + 2n2 = 38 n = 10 amphidiploid Allopolyploidy Applications B. oleracea(cabbage, cauliflower, Brocolli, kale, etc.) 2n = 18 n1 + n2 = 19 B. campestris(turnip, turnip rape) 2n = 20

8. 4n x 2n = 3n? • The creation of triploids can be accomplished by crossing a tetraploid with a diploid, • Most triploid individuals are sterile.

9. Generation of a Triploid Cells

10. Meiosis in a Triploid Organism

11. Who’d want to Eat That? • Bananas, • Seedless Watermelon, • Most other seedless varieties, • Some oysters.

12. Environmental Applications? grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) • Triploid grass carp prefer pondweeds, • do not prefer plants such as cattail, water lily, etc.

13. Polyploidy Summary • More than 2 whole sets of chromosomes, • Autopolyploidy, • from the same genome, • naturally occurring, or induced, • often results in larger varieties, • Allopolyploidy, • from different genomes, • naturally occurring, or induced, • often results in larger varieties, • Autotriploids, • most often sterile • can produce beneficial traits.

14. Monoploidy …a haploid of a diploid is monoploid, …has one chromosome set.

15. Monoploid • male wasps, bees and ants have only 1 haploid genome, • males develop from unfertilized eggs, • gametes are formed by mitosis.

16. Monoploid Applications • monoploid plants can be created by culturing pollen grains (n = 1), • the population of haploid organisms is then screened for favorable traits, • the plants are then treated with colchicine which generates a 2n plant homozygous for the favorable traits.

17. Chromosomal Mutations • chromosome number, • structure,

18. Chromosome Structure • Changes in chromosome structure can come about due to, deletions duplications rearrangements

19. Chromosomal Deletions • a deletion results in a lost portion of a chromosome,

20. Deletion Causative Agents heat, radiation, viruses, chemicals, errors in recombination.

21. Terminal Deletions Off the End

22. Intercalary Deletions From the Middle

23. Intercalary Deletions From the Middle

24. Intercalary Terminal Recognizing Deletions

25. Intercalary Terminal Homologous Pairs? Hemizygous Hemizygous: gene is present in a single dose. Psuedodominance: hemizygous genes are expressed.

26. Deletions …result in partial monosomy, • remember monosomy: 2n, -1, …the organism is monosomic for the portion of the chromosome that is deleted, …as in monosomy, most segmental deletions are deleterious.

27. Cri-du-chat Syndrome(46, -5p)

28. 46, -5p ...terminal deletion of the small arm (petite arm) of chromosome 5, • Cri-du-chat Syndrome, • 0.002% live births, • anatomic mutations, • often mental retardation, • abnormal formation of vocal mechanisms.

29. Chromosomal Duplication ...an event that results in the increase in the number of copies of a particular chromosomal region,

30. Duplication Cause and Effect Causes: • duplications often result from unequal crossing over, • can occur via errors in replication during S-Phase. Effects: • results in gene redundancy, • produces phenotypic variation, • may provide an important source for genetic variability during evolution.

31. Unequal Crossing Over Produces both duplications and deletions!

32. Duplication Phenotypes

33. Duplication in Evolution …essential genes do not tolerate mutation, …duplications of essential genes, then subsequent mutations, confers adaptive potential to the organism, …new gene family members are ‘recruited’ to perform new functions.

34. flowering plant moss need uptake need uptake transport to other tissue transport to other tissue transport to seeds algae nutrients need uptake

35. Arabidopsis

36. Chromosome Structure • Changes in chromosome structure can come about due to, deletions duplications rearrangements

37. Chromosomal Inversions …inversion: aberration in which a portion of the chromosome is turned around 180o.

38. A B C B A Paracentric Inversion ...an inversion in which the centomere is not included, A B C ...a paracentric inversion does not change arm length ratio.

39. A B C B A C Inversion Heterozygotes …an organism with one wild-type and one chromosome containing an inversion, …not heterozygous for the genes, heterozygous for the chromosomes.

40. Inversion Loopno crossing over

41. Paracentric Produces haploid gamete.

42. Paracentric Produces gamete with inversion.

43. Paracentric Produces a chromosome with two centromeres. Nonviable gametes.

44. Dicentric ...a chromosome having two centromeres;

45. Non-Viable (gametes) Segregate

46. Dicentric/Ascentric …results only when the crossing over occurs within the region of the paracentric inversion,

47. Paracentric No centromeres. Deletions. Nonviable gametes.

48. Acentric …a chromosome having no centromeres, …segregates to daughter cells randomly, or is lost during cell division, …deletions impart partial monosomy.

49. Paracentric Outcomes 1 Normal Gamete, 1 Inversion Gamete, No Crossover Classes Recombination is not inhibited, but recombinant gametes are selected against.

50. A B C A C B Pericentric Inversion ...an inversion in which the centromere is included, ...a pericentric inversion results in a change in chromosome arm length.