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Classification and Origins of Freshwater Systems

Explore the water cycle, hydrology concepts, and freshwater systems field guide. Learn about surface area to volume ratio, global water budget, watershed, ephemeral ponds, lakes vs. ponds, and the origins of lakes and ponds through glacial, tectonic, and other processes. Dive into lake and pond zones, stream order, and the importance of classification in environmental protection.

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Classification and Origins of Freshwater Systems

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  1. Classification and Origins of Freshwater Systems • Lecture goals: • Review the water cycle • Key concepts and terminology in hydrology • Field guide to freshwater systems

  2. The Water Cycle

  3. Surface Area : Volume Ratio 1:1

  4. Surface Area : Volume Ratio • The smaller the lake or reach, the larger the SA:V ratio. • The larger the lake or reach, the smaller the SA:V ratio.

  5. The Global Water Budget

  6. The Watershed

  7. Surface v. Groundwater

  8. Ephemeral Ponds Lakes vs. Ponds

  9. Lake and Pond Origins • Glacial Activity

  10. Glacial Scouring

  11. Cirques

  12. Paternoster Lakes

  13. Ice Dams

  14. Moraine Dams Flathead Lake, MT Finger Lakes, NY

  15. Kettle Lakes

  16. Lake and Pond Origins • Glacial Activity • Tectonic Activity

  17. The Major Lithospheric Plates

  18. Uplift Lakes

  19. Lakes at Faults Lake Baikal

  20. Lakes at Faults Lake Malawi

  21. Lake and Pond Origins • Glacial Activity • Tectonic Activity • Other

  22. Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Volcanic activity

  23. CaCO3 Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Chemical reactions

  24. Other cool ways lakes can be formed… Rivers

  25. Lake Manicouagan, Quebec Extraterrestrials 5 km diameter asteroid 212 MYA

  26. Lake and Pond Zones • Benthic • Littoral • Limnetic • Profundal

  27. Stream Order Horne Brook, NH Columbia River, WA

  28. Stream Order • Benefits

  29. Order is correlated with other characteristics These data are from a network of streams near Santa Fe, NM

  30. Stream order can be used to describe real differences in drainages

  31. Stream Order • Benefits • Drawbacks

  32. The Problem:Order N into Order N+1

  33. Real Differences in Stream Networks?

  34. Why Classification Matters • Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County vs. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers • In 2001, Supreme Court rules that Clean Water Act does not give Corps jurisdiction over “isolated” streams and wetlands. • Sets off rush to re-classify streams and wetlands as “isolated”. • In October 2005, Supreme Court agrees to hear additional arguments on wetland and stream protection.

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