AP/SOSC 2340/2349 9.0

1. AP/SOSC 2340/2349 9.0 Foundations of Business & Society Lecture 1

2. Centrally Planned Econmies I. Points covered in this lecture: • The ‘economic problem’ • Centrally planned economies • The economy of the Soviet Union • Problems of central planning II. Writing skills: quotations/page references sample reading question

3. The ‘Economic Problem’ How does society organize its economy? 1) What is to be produced and how much? 2) Who is to produce it? 3) How is it to be produced? 4) Where is it to be produced? 5) When is it to be produced? 6) For whom is it to be produced?

4. Soviet Union circa 1920 • Population ≈ 150 million • Over 80% worked in agriculture • GDP per capita < 20% of U.S. figure

5. The Soviet Economy • Priority: Industrialization (heavy industry) • Enterprise building • Setting productions targets for enterprises • Using modern technology By 1932: doubling of output of oil, coal, iron ore; 50% increase in steel production doubling of unskilled industrial workers

6. The Information Problem Vast complexity and number of variables to plan Too much for a single mind or a planning authority to know.

8. Planning in Practice 1) Planning from the achieved level 2) Taut planning 3) Bonuses for plan fulfilment 4) Punishment for under fulfilment

9. The Enterprises’ Perspective Enterprises wanted: • Just to fulfil their plan target • An easy (‘slack’) plan target (mendacity) • To avoid technological innovation • To acquire inputs through illegal means if there were shortages (tolkachi)

10. Results 1) Inefficiency due to: • Hoarding of inputs (labour, materials, etc.) • ‘Self-supply’ (Bleaney, pp. 51, 55) 2) Disregard of product quality: ‘storming’ (ibid., pp. 48-9), targets in terms of weight

11. Advantages of the Command Economy • Social justice (?) • Mobilization of resources to priority areas • No waste through advertising costs

12. What’s Missing? α) Competition β) Bankruptcy γ) Entrepreneurship δ) Private property ε) Market prices ζ) Freedom

13. The ‘Economic Problem’ 1) What is to be produced and how much? 2) Who is to produce it? 3) How is it to be produced? 4) Where is it to be produced? 5) When is it to be produced? 6) For whom is it to be produced?

14. Next week The ‘economic problem’ in a market society How are markets coordinated? Who makes the plans? Sample reading question

15. Word List p. 50: myopic p. 55: profligate

16. Dictionaries and Thesauri Shea, V. and Whitla, W. (2005). Foundations: Critical Thinking, Reading and Writing (Toronto: Pearson/Prentice Hall), chapter 5. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/thesaurus http://www.m-w.com/ http://www.yourdictionary.com/ http://www.oed.com/

17. Writing skills Quotations Page references (p. or pp.); p. 27; pp. 43-44. ibid.

18. Sample reading question ‘What is ‘storming’ and why did it occur?’ (see the section ‘Success indicators’, pp. 47-50)?

19. Next week’s reading question ‘How, according to Marx, is the manufacturing division of labour (‘within the workshop’) determined (see pp. 212-14)?