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Landmark Supreme Court Cases

Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Three students, Christopher Echardt and siblings, John and Mary Beth Tinker, wore black armbands to school in silent protest of the Vietnam war.

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Landmark Supreme Court Cases

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  1. Landmark Supreme Court Cases

  2. Three students, Christopher Echardt and siblings, John and Mary Beth Tinker, wore black armbands to school in silent protest of the Vietnam war. School district created a rule to ban the armbands because they didn’t want a disturbance at school; choice was to remove the armbands or face suspension. The students were suspended. Tinker v. Des Moines

  3. Issue: Students right to free speech Ruling: In favor of the Tinkers, however, students do have limited free speech at school. Tinker v. Des Moines

  4. Gregory Johnson, while taking part in a Republican National Convention protest, burned the American flag at the Dallas City Hall Texas convicted him with vandalizing a respected object; sentenced to one year in prison, and fined $2,000 Texas v. Johnson

  5. Issue: First amendment protection of free speech; “symbolic speech” – Flag Burning Ruling: 5-4; Flag burning is constitutional free speech; did not cause a breach of peace Texas v. Johnson

  6. Abington schools followed Penn. Law stating all public schools must read 10 Bible verses each day, without comment Students could be exempt with parental permission Schempp refused to write an excuse for their child to be exempt and refused to all them to participate. Abington Schools v. Schempp

  7. Issue: Is daily prayer a form of establishing of religion Ruling: 8-1 in against mandated Bible reading in public schools Separation of Church and state Abington Schools v. Schempp

  8. Alabama law authorized teachers to lead prayer services in class and set time for silent prayer/meditation Jaffree felt his three kids should not be subject to this, felt it was a violation of their rights Wallace v. Jaffree

  9. Issue: Is prayer in schools in violation of Establishment clause Ruling 6-3; in favor of Schempp; they overturned the Alabama laws Wallace v. Jaffree

  10. An assistant principal deleted certain editorials from the school newspaper; felt the information (sex, teen-pregnancy, and divorce) were inappropriate for the student body. Students felt they were within the papers guidelines and left out names of students interviewed. Hazelwood Schools v. Khulmeier

  11. Issue: Free speech of students Ruling 5-3; in favor of schools right to limit free speech within a school paper. Hazelwood School v. Khulmeier

  12. Bethel School District v. Fraiser • On April 26, 1983, Matthew Fraser, a high school senior, gave a speech nominating classmate Jeff Kuhlman for Associated Student BodyVice President. The speech was filled with sexual innuendoes, but not obscenity, prompting disciplinary action from the administration.

  13. Bethel School District v. Fraiser • Issue: • 1st Amendment; Freedom of Speech • Ruling: • Schools can limit speech if it is lewd or offensive

  14. Engel v. Vitale • The case was brought by the families of public school students in New York who complained that the voluntary prayer to "Almighty God" contradicted their religious beliefs. They were supported by groups opposed to the school prayer.

  15. Engel v. Vitale • Issue: • Establishment Clause • Prayer in Schools • Ruling: • Prayer in schools is an official approval of religion thus violating the Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment

  16. Mailed out flyers to draftees, saying “Do not submit to intimidation”; protesting the draft. Even though he was protected under freedom of speech, he was interfering with the war effort Schenk v. United States

  17. Issue: 1st amendment rights Ruling 9-0 in favor of U.S.; freedom of speech can be limited in time of war Creates a “clear and present danger” Schenck v. United States

  18. Gideon was suspect for robbing a pool room, when the police found him with a lot of change and a bottle of wine they arrested him. Asked for a lawyer and was refused Judge said the state didn’t have to pay for a poor persons legal defense. Gideon v. Wainwright

  19. Issue: 6th amendment right to an attorney Ruling: 9-0; in favor of Gideon. All felony defendants must be provided an attorney Gideon v. Wainwright

  20. Ernesto Miranda was accused of kidnapping and raped. When he was arrested, no body informed him of his rights Arizona police arrested Miranda, questioned him, and had him sign a confession. Miranda v. Arizona

  21. Issue: Rights of the accused (5th and 6th Amendment) Ruling: 5-4 for Miranda; accused must be informed of their rights before being questioned by police Miranda v Arizona

  22. Dollree Mapp was under suspicion for housing a suspect in a bombing. Police came to search but had no warrant. They searched anyway Police searched her house after arresting her and found evidence of pornography Charged her with possession of obscene materials Mapp v. Ohio

  23. Issue: 4th amendment Illegal search and seizure w/out warrant Ruling: 6-3 in favor of Mapp Items found by illegal searches are excluded from evidence Mapp v. Ohio

  24. Furman v. Georgia • The victim awoke in the middle of the night to find Furman burglarizing his house. Furman said that while trying to escape, he tripped and the weapon he was carrying fired accidentally, killing the victim. This contradicted his prior statement to police that he had turned and blindly fired a shot while fleeing. Furman was tried for murder and was found guilty based largely on his own statement. He was sentenced to death.

  25. Furman v. Georgia • Issue: • 8th Amendment • Cruel & Unusual Punishment • Capital Punishment • Ruling: • Then-present Death Penalty laws were unconstitutional (discriminatory & arbitrary) • Set new requirements

  26. A teacher found two girls smoking in the bathroom. Principal searched TLOs purse and found cigarettes and rolling papers; continued searching and found marijuana TLO admitted to selling marijuana at school. The state brought charges against her for selling drugs, using what they found as evidence New Jersey v. T.L.O

  27. Issue: Unreasonable search and seizure 4th Amendment Ruling: 6-3; in favor of New Jersey In schools, no probable cause necessary; just a reason to search New Jersey v. T.L.O.

  28. Dred Scott v. Sanford • Dred Scott, a slave who had lived in the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin before moving back to the slave state of Missouri, had appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedom.

  29. Dred Scott v. Sanford • Issue: • Slavery; freedom based on state • Ruling: • Slaves were property, not citizens. No rights were guaranteed—therefore, the case wasn’t valid

  30. On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy boarded a car of the East Louisiana Railroad in New Orleans, LA, that was designated for use by white patrons only, as mandated by state law. Although Plessy was born a free person and was one-eighth black and seven-eighths white, under a Louisiana law enacted in 1890, he was classified as black, and thus required to sit in the "colored" car. When, in an act of planned disobedience, Plessy refused to leave the white car and move to the colored car, he was arrested and jailed Plessy v. Ferguson

  31. Issue: 14th Amendment Separate But Equal Facilities Ruling: Separate but Equal Laws were constitutional; 14th amendment only required equal access to facilities, not the same facilities Plessy v. Ferguson

  32. In 1951, a suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka, Kansas. The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their twenty children. The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation. Separate elementary schools were operated by the Topeka Board of Education under an 1879 Kansas law, which permitted (but did not require) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in twelve communities with populations over 15,000. Brown v. Board of Education

  33. Issue: 14th Amendment Separate But Equal Ruling Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson Racial Segregation Violates 14th amendment Equal Protection Clause Brown v. Board of Education

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