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World War II

World War II. Causes of WWII. 1. People are desperate : Treaty of Versailles : Brutally punishes Germany Demilitarized, pay reparations, territories taken People want a leader who will stand up for Germany and make it great again

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World War II

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  1. World War II

  2. Causes of WWII • 1. People are desperate: • Treaty of Versailles: Brutally punishes Germany • Demilitarized, pay reparations, territories taken • People want a leader who will stand up for Germany and make it great again • Worldwide Depression: Hits France, Britain and Germany particularly hard • High poverty, unemployment, widespread inflation • League of Nations is ineffective • US never joins • Members disobey rules but aren’t punished

  3. Causes of WWII • 2. Some totalitarian governments are willing to go to war to solve the people’s problems: • Fascism: Glorifies war, extreme nationalism, the nation is more important than individuals, imperialistic • Italian Dictator: Benito Mussolini (1921-1945) • Wants to create another Roman Empire • Nazism: Similar to Fascism but also includes severe racism and anti-Semitism • German Fuhrer: Adolf Hitler (1932-1945) • Wants to create the Third Reich: Great German Empire • Wants to eliminate all who are not part of the “Aryan Race”, including Jews, Slavs, homosexuals, handicapped, Communists, gypsies, Muslims, etc.

  4. Practice Question • Historians often cite the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany as a primary cause of the eventual outbreak of World War II. Summarize two provisions of the Treaty of Versailles relating to Germany and discuss how each helped lead to World War II. Write your answer in the (4 points)

  5. US Isolationism and Neutrality • US: Most are isolationist • Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) • Fear of another war prompts US to make laws to avoid involvement with countries at war • No sale or shipment of arms to belligerent nations • No loans or credits to belligerents (nations at war) • No traveling by US citizens on ships of belligerents • Nonmilitary goods purchased by warring nations are paid in cash and transported by their own ships = Cash and Carry Principle

  6. FDR’s Quarantine Speech (1937) • Roosevelt has growing concern about aggressive acts of Japan, Germany and Italy • Germany: Builds military, took Rhineland and annexes Austria • Japan: Took over Manchurian China and Korea • Italy: Took over Ethiopia and other areas of North Africa • Responding to Japan’s invasion of China, he proposes that democratic nations join to “quarantine” aggressor nations • League of Nations did nothing: Countries didn’t want another war • Most of US still isolationist, disagrees with speech, so govt continues to avoid involvement

  7. Practice Question • After World War I, the League of Nations was created to help resolve international conflicts before they led to war. What didJapan’s successful invasion of Manchuria in 1931 indicate about the ability of the League of Nations to prevent World War II? • A. The League had little power to stop acts of aggression. • B. The League was concerned only with disputes in Europe. • C. The League’s army was unprepared for modern warfare. • D. The League was led by countries with the weakest military forces.

  8. The Road to War • Japan, Italy and Germany continue to violate the League of Nations and Treaty of Versailles • Hitler wants to annex Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) • League of Nations does not agree with violations but doesn’t want another world war • The Munich Conference (1938): Britain and France follow a policy of appeasement • Policy of giving in to the demands of rival power in order to avoid war=fails • After, Hitler invades Poland in Sept. 1939, Britain and France declare war

  9. Practice Question • Britain and France suffered heavily from the worldwide depression. Because of this, when faced with Axis expansion before World War II, these countries were • A. unwilling to take actions that might start another war, called appeasement. • B. prepared to use military intervention wherever necessary. • C. dependent on the United States to intervene in an international crisis. • D. reluctant to call upon the League of Nations to settle disputes.

  10. WWII in Europe (1939-1941) • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan • Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Soviet Union (1941) • 1940: Hitler invades Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Luxembourg, then France, all who surrender within a few months • Free French leave country or operate underground • French Puppet government under German control • Great Britain is alone: Blitz bombing by Germans • 76 straight days: 60, 000 civilians die, target museums • When Germans can’t beat Brits they break treaty and attack Soviet Union • Stalin was a brutal dictator but Allies welcome his help to win • Holocaust: Hitler kills millions in concentration camps

  11. US Neutrality and Involvement • Neutrality Act of 1939: Concerned about German victories, FDR wants to change neutrality law • US-made war supplies could be sold to belligerents if cash and carry principle was followed • Destroyers-for-Bases Deal: To helps Brits to defend themselves from submarine attacks • US gives Brits 50 Destroyer ships in exchange for 8 British naval/air bases around the world • Lend-Lease Act (1940): FDR persuades Congress to lend/lease war supplies to Britain to protect democracy • US is not at war, but no longer completely neutral • FDR wins unprecedented 3rd term in 1940

  12. The Atlantic Charter • Summer 1941: FDR and Churchill meet • Discuss self determination for all nations • Agree not to take territory and to disarm aggressors • Pledge collective security and economic cooperation • Decide to beat Germany first, then Japan

  13. Practice Question • What was the United States foreign policy during the first part of WWII in 1939-1940? • Neutrality which is stay out of war and but trade with allies. • Mobilization which is to get ready for war. • Isolationism which means not to be involved in any foreign problems. • Nationalism which is to have pride in your country.

  14. US Territories in the Pacific • The Philippines: Capital-Manila; 131,000 US and Filipino troops • Wake Island: 2500 US troops • Guam: 547 Marines • Midway Island

  15. Pearl Harbor • US naval base in Oahu, Hawaii (US territory) • Japanese want to take out our fleet so we can’t defend other US bases in the Pacific • Plan to break off negotiations with US and then launch surprise attack

  16. December 7th, 1941 • Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, as well as US bases in Guam, Midway and the Philippines • Surprise Attack: Japanese war planes take off from aircraft carriers to attack Pearl Harbor • Kamikaze pilots dive bomb our ships

  17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niwxQgoY&list=PL1B19928C710059FBhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niwxQgoY&list=PL1B19928C710059FB

  18. “A date that will live in infamy” • US: 2400 killed, 1200 wounded, 70 civilians dead • 188 aircraft destroyed, 155 others damaged • Japanese lose 29 aircraft, but 111 damaged • Japanese ultimatum not received until 55 min. after the attack begins-sneak attack • Yamamoto “I fear we have awakened a sleeping giant”

  19. Aftermath • US Pacific fleet is devastated, except aircraft carriers • Sunk 18 ships, including five battleships • Need at least six months to rebuild; gives Japan time to take more Pacific islands • Didn’t bomb our oil storage or US submarines

  20. Aftermath • Dec. 8th: FDR asks Congress to declare war and has a Fireside Chat to explain it to the people • Dec. 12th: US declares war on Japan • Germany declares war on the US • Japan takes Guam, Wake, Midway and Philippines • Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia and US • Axis: Germany, Italy, and Japan

  21. Practice Question • What was the immediate action of the United States in response to the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor? • A. The United States warned the Japanese to stop aggressive actions. • B. The United States entered World War II. • C. The United States entered World War I. • D. The United States threatened to enter World War II.

  22. Internment of Japanese Americans • Begins Spring 1942: 120,000 live on west coast • After attack on Pearl Harbor they’re considered “disloyal” and possible spies • It begins with a curfew and boycotting of Japanese businesses • Then forced to pack up belongings in 3 days, only bring what fits in two suitcases • Leave homes, school and businesses • Sent to Internment Camps or “Relocation” Centers • Held under constant supervision and live in barracks with no heat or a/c

  23. Internment Camps • Violation of Civil Liberties justified by “Clear and Present Danger” and threat to National Security • Korematsu vs. US: Supreme Court defends act as constitutional based on “military necessity” • 1943: Allow them to join army; 33,000 serve • 442nd: most decorated unit in in US history • Legalized racism and violation of Bill of Rights • Japanese American Citizens League fights for compensation after WWII • 1990: $20,000 in reparations sent to families

  24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mr97qyKA2s

  25. Practice Question • During World War II, Japanese-Americans were relocated from their homes on the West Coast of the United States to internment camps in the U.S. interior. This action indicated a widespread fear that Japanese-Americans were • A. a threat to national security. • B. members of the Communist Party. • C. competitors for jobs in wartime factories. • D. immigrating to the United States in large numbers.

  26. US Mobilizes for War • New Deal infrastructure and programs allows for rapid organization • GNP doubles; no more unemployment • Our massive production wins us the war • Incomes rise • Farmer’s income triples • US becomes an “arsenal of democracy” http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=japanese+internment#selItemsPerPage=20&intCurrentPage=0&No=0&N=4294939055%252B4294939062&Ne=&Ntt=japanese%2Binternment&Ns=&Nr=&browseFilter=&indexVersion=&Ntk=All&Ntx=mode%252Bmatchallpartial

  27. War Production Board • Helps companies transition from peacetime to wartime products • Feb. 1942: End of car production • Factories converted to produce tanks/planes • Soft drink factory-filling shells with explosives

  28. Liberty Ships for Cargo • New ships yards race to make ships for US Navy • Make a whole ship in 56 days • Prefabricated parts allow for quick assembly

  29. Women in the Work Force • 10 million men overseas-need workers • 6 million new female workers • Earn 60 cents for every $1 a man would make • Rosie the Riveter: Do their part, prove ability • 1942: Women’s Army Corps (WACs) • 350,000 women serve in non-combat positions

  30. Office of Price Administration • Set up rationing system to save scarce goods essential for military use • Based on size of family and occupation • Books of coupons to buy goods like meat, shoes, sugar, butter, coffee and gas • Limits on prices, rent, etc. to make things affordable

  31. The War at Home: War Bonds • Voluntary loan to the government to pay for the war effort, get $ back later with interest • $20-$1000: Everyone can help • Heroes and celebrities at war bond drives • Ex: Bond worth $18.75 will mature in 10 years and be worth $25

  32. Collecting Raw Materials • WPB organizes drives to collect scrap metal, rubber, paper, tins cans, and cooking fat to recycle into war goods • Kids search attics, garages and junk yards • 5 month long drive at Chicago School collects 36 million pounds of paper (65 lbs. each) • People conserve use of gas • Victory Garden: Plant own food to help save for troops -20 million in 1944

  33. Mobilization: Americans Unite • Selective Service Act of 1940: Draft men into armed forces • Segregated Military: Various ethnic groups still serve • African Americans: Millions migrate to north to join defense industry • Fair Employment Practices Commission & Congress on Racial Equality • More than 1 million serve in armed forces

  34. Minorities in the War • 300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces • 1943: Anti-Mexican “Zoot Suit” Riots in LA • 25,000 Native Americans join service • Navajo Code Talkers serve in the Pacific • 400 join Marines to transmit radio message

  35. Practice Question • During WWII the War at Home was crucial. Explain two ways American’s helped the war efforts from home. (2 pts.)

  36. Last Days of the War in Europe • D-Day: Largest land/air/sea offensive in US history • April 12, 1945: FDR has a stroke and dies; the nation mourns and Truman becomes President • April 30th, 1945: Hitler commits suicide in bunker beneath Berlin • Victory in Europe Day- May 8th, 1945: Eisenhower accepts Germany’s unconditional surrender • August 1945: US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ending the war with Japan shortly after

  37. End of WWII

  38. Aftermath of WWII • 55 million people dead worldwide • 16 million US soldiers serve; 320,000 were killed • Why the Allies won: • Great Leadership: FDR and Churchill • Resources: US already had almost everything they needed for war production and New Deal infrastructure • US has massive production capability and no one bombing our factories • Hitler’s two-front war: It was a mistake to invade USSR • Freedom vs. Fascism? We were fighting for a greater cause; they were fighting for a leader (Hitler/Hirohito)

  39. The Occupation of Japan • US forces under MacArthur’s command will occupy Japan for 7 years; Hirohito remains Emperor • US writes their Constitution: No military allowed • To this day, they only have a small # of defense forces • Constitutional monarchy with basic freedoms and universal suffrage • Free market economy: Amazing recovery, embrace American culture • War Crimes Trials in Tokyo and Nuremburg • Splitting of Korea with Soviet Union as we give back territory taken by the Japanese • USSR occupies the north (48th parallel) Communist • US occupies the south, supports Democratic govt

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