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Biology of Ticks and Mites

Biology of Ticks and Mites. L. Hannah Gould, MS, PhD Bacterial Diseases Branch Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fort Collins, CO. Overview. Ticks, mites, and their identification Tick-borne diseases in the United States Lyme disease

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Biology of Ticks and Mites

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  1. Biology of Ticks and Mites L. Hannah Gould, MS, PhD Bacterial Diseases Branch Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fort Collins, CO

  2. Overview • Ticks, mites, and their identification • Tick-borne diseases in the United States • Lyme disease • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever • Ehrlichiosis • Babesiosis • Tularemia • Tick-borne relapsing fever • Mites

  3. Ticks, mites, and their identification

  4. Ticks and Mites • Not insects • Four life stages • Egg • Larva (6 legs) • Nymph (8 legs) • Adult (8 legs) • Ticks: ≈ 80 species in US, 12 of public health/veterinary importance • Mites: 45,000 described species!

  5. Ixodes scapularis • Blacklegged tick, deer tick • Transmits Lyme disease, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis • Found on eastern and north central United States • Feed on wide variety of mammals and birds

  6. Dermacentor variabilis and D. andersoni • Dog tick, wood tick • Vector of Rocky mountain spotted fever, tularemia • Widely distributed, common • Adults feed on dogs, other medium to large mammals; larvae/nymphs feed on small rodents

  7. Amblyomma americanum • Lone star tick • Vector of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, STARI • Widely distributed in southeastern US, Atlantic Coast • Wide host range

  8. Soft Ticks • Take brief (< 30 minute) blood meals at night • Vector of tick-borne relapsing fever • Widely distributed • Wide host range • Live in burrows, caves, nests Soft tick, Carios (Ornithodorus) kelleyi

  9. Other ticks of public health importance

  10. Tick-borne Diseases in the US

  11. Selected vector-borne diseases, United States, 2001-2005

  12. Lyme Disease • Identified in 1976 • Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi • Transmitted by Ixodesscapularis and I. pacificus ticks • Reservoirs include small mammals and birds • Deer enhance tick populations, not a reservoir

  13. 2-year cycle of Lyme disease

  14. Symptoms of Lyme Disease

  15. Erythema migrans • Occurs in 60-80% of cases • ~7-14 days after tick bite • Expands over days • Rarely painful, puritic From: Nadelman RB, Wormser GP. Erythema migrans and early Lyme disease. Am J Med 1995; 98(suppl 4A): 15S-24S.

  16. Lyme disease cases reported to CDC,United States, 1992-2005

  17. Reported Lyme disease cases by age and sex—United States, 2003-2005

  18. Percent of reported Lyme disease cases by month of onset, U.S., 2003-2005

  19. Reported Lyme disease incidence by county of residence—United States, 2005 Incidence per 100,000 persons

  20. 1997 2005 Incidence per 100,000 persons Lyme disease high incidence counties, Northeastern United States

  21. Source: http://biology.usgs.gov/luhna/harvardforest.html Lyme Disease – Emergence Source: http://rockpiles.blogspot.com/2006_05_21_archive.html “In Connecticut, the number of deer has increased from about 12 in 1896 to 76,000 today.” [Kirby Stafford Connecticut Agriculture Experiment Station]

  22. Reforestation, Deer Populations, and Lyme Disease Expansion The Lyme disease incidence is rising due to… • Overabundant deer populations • Increased numbers of ticks • Expansion of suburbia into wooded areas • Increased exposure opportunities Source: K. Stafford, CAES

  23. Southern Tick-associated Rash Illness (STARI) • Causes rash similar to that of Lyme disease • Transmitted by Amblyomma americanum • Southeastern and south-central United States Photo: Wormser et al CID 2005

  24. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) • Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii • Transmitted most commonly by Dermacentor variabilis and D. andersoni • 250-1200 cases/year in United States

  25. Incidence of RMSF in the United States

  26. Age distribution of RMSF in the United States

  27. RMSF: Signs and Symptoms • Symptoms • Fever, chills, headache, malaise, myalgias • Rash appears on day 3-5 • Maculopapular and petichial – 1st on extremities • Untreated mortality 20%; treated mortality 3-5% Early (macular) rash on sole of foot Late (petechial) rash on palm/forearm

  28. Ehrlichiosis (Anaplasmosis) Ehrlichiachaffeensis (Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis) • Transmitted by Amblyomma americanum • Southeastern and south central United States E. ewingii • Rare, immunosuppressed patients • Few cases in central United States E. phagocytophila (Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis) • Approximately 1200 cases per year in United States • Northeast, upper mid-Western United States • Transmitted by Ixodes scapularis and I. pacificus

  29. Ehrlichiosis (Anaplasmosis) • Ehrlichiachaffeensis (Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, HME) • Transmitted by Amblyomma americanum • Southeastern and south central United States • E. phagocytophila (Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, HGE) • Approximately 1200 cases per year in United States • Northeast, upper mid-Western United States • Transmitted by Ixodes scapularis and I. pacificus • E. ewingii • Rare, immunosuppressed patients • Few cases in central United States

  30. Distribution of 3 Tick Species for HME and HGA Ixodes scapularis Ixodes pacificus Amblyomma americanum Overlapping distribution (I. Scapularis and A. americanum)

  31. Reported annual incidence of HME and HGE

  32. Signs and symptoms Fever Malaise Headache Myalgia/Arthralgia Anorexia Chills/Sweating Nausea/Vomiting Rash Cough Diarrhea Abdominal pain Severe clinical spectrum Disseminated intravascular coagulation Pancytopenia Encephalitis Meningitis Pulmonary Infiltrates Gastrointestinal bleeding Respiratory failure Renal failure Fatalities Clinical Presentation of Human Ehrlichioses

  33. Babesiosis • Caused by Babesia microti • Transmitted by Ixodes scapularis • Reservoir in white-footed mice • Northeastern and mid-Western US • Rare, few cases each year • Clinically more severe in immunocompromised and elderly

  34. Tularemia • Caused by bacterium, Franciscella tularensis • Transmitted by: • Tick (Dermacentor variabils, D. andersoni, Ambloymma americanum) or deerfly bite • handling infected sick or dead animals • eating or drinking contaminated food or water • inhaling airborne bacteria • 200 cases per year in United States • Most cases in south-central and western United States • Symptoms dependent on the route of infection

  35. Tick-borne Relapsing Fever(TBRF) • Caused by Borrelia hermsii, B. parkeri, B. turicatae • Transmitted by Ornithodoros spp. soft ticks • Ticks feed quickly and painlessly at night • Rodents are primary reservoirs • Sporadic cases in the western U.S. (~25/year) • Associated with rustic cabins, high altitude • Recurrent fevers

  36. Reported Cases of Tick Borne Relapsing Fever by County-- United States, 1990-2000 Number of Cases: Arizona 11 California 82 Colorado 30 Idaho 19 Nevada 13 New Mexico 4 Oregon 3 Texas 18 Utah 6 Washington 60 Wyoming 1

  37. Tick Paralysis • Caused by toxin produced by Dermacentor ticks • Acute, ascending, flaccid paralysis • Reversed upon removal of tick • May result in death if tick is not removed • More frequent in young girls

  38. Courtesy of CDPHE

  39. Treatment of tick-borne diseases

  40. Tick Testing and Tick Bite Prophylaxis • Neither generally recommended following tick bites • For Lyme disease, tick bite prophylaxis (single 200 mg dose doxycycline) recommended only when: • Tick reliably identified and attached for ≥ 36 hours • Can be started w/in 24 hours • Infection rate ≥ 20% • Doxycycline not contraindicated • Always monitor site of tick bite and health closely following a tick bite

  41. Tick Attachment, Engorgement, and Spirochete Transmission

  42. Vaccination against tick-borne diseases • Vaccine for Lyme disease removed from market in 2002 • Vaccines not available for other tick-borne diseases

  43. Proper Tick Removal • Use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp tick close to skin • Pull tick’s body away from skin (avoid crushing head) • Clean skin with soap and water • Properly dispose of tick DON’T: use petroleum jelly, a hot match, nail polish, or other products to remove a tick.

  44. Mites

  45. Family Trombiculidae:Chiggers • Eastern US; most common in southern states • Larvae attach to skin for 4-6 days • Cause intense itching and dermatitis • Chigger mites can vector scrub typhus http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/arthopo/chiggers/

  46. Scabies • Scabies or Itch mite, Scarcoptes scabei • Close contact/crowded conditions • Female mites burrow into skin and lay eggs, larvae return to surface to molt • Finger webs, folds of wrists, bends of elbows/knees

  47. Other Mites Causing Dermatitis • Many species cause dermatitis: • Chicken Mite • Northern fowl mite • Tropical rat mite • House mouse mite • Grain mite • Straw itch mite • Cause intense itching and irritation • Infestations common after floods, rat/bird control Ornithonyssus bacoti Tropical Rat Mite

  48. Suspected Mite Dermatitis Images: L.H. Gould, 2005

  49. House Dust Mites • Allergen-symptoms include sneezing, itchy, watery eyes, runny nose, respiratory problems, eczema and asthma • Require damp environment • Feed on dander • “Dust control” http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/urban/house_dust_mite_fig1.htm

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