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Bird Origins

Bird Origins. Lizards & Snakes. Mammals. Turtles. Crocodiles. Tertiary. 65 MYA. Cretaceous. CARNOSAURS. COELUROSAURS. 135 MYA. SAUROPODS. ORNITHISCHIA. PTEROSAURS. Jurassic. THEROPODS. 190 MYA. SAURISCHIA. DINOSAURIA. THECODONTS. Triassic. THERAPSIDS. 225 MYA. SYNAPSIDS.

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Bird Origins

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  1. Bird Origins

  2. Lizards & Snakes Mammals Turtles Crocodiles Tertiary 65 MYA Cretaceous CARNOSAURS COELUROSAURS 135 MYA SAUROPODS ORNITHISCHIA PTEROSAURS Jurassic THEROPODS 190 MYA SAURISCHIA DINOSAURIA THECODONTS Triassic THERAPSIDS 225 MYA SYNAPSIDS ANAPSIDS DIAPSIDS Permian

  3. Lizards & Snakes BIRDS Mammals Turtles Crocodiles Tertiary CLASSIC 65 MYA Cretaceous CARNOSAURS COELUROSAURS 135 MYA SAUROPODS ORNITHISCHIA PTEROSAURS Jurassic THEROPODS 190 MYA SAURISCHIA DINOSAURIA THECODONTS Triassic THERAPSIDS 225 MYA SYNAPSIDS ANAPSIDS DIAPSIDS Permian

  4. Lizards & Snakes BIRDS Mammals Turtles Crocodiles Tertiary CLASSIC 65 MYA Cretaceous CARNOSAURS COELUROSAURS 135 MYA SAUROPODS ORNITHISCHIA PTEROSAURS Jurassic THEROPODS 190 MYA SAURISCHIA DINOSAURIA THECODONTS Triassic THERAPSIDS 225 MYA SYNAPSIDS ANAPSIDS DIAPSIDS Permian

  5. Lizards & Snakes BIRDS Mammals Turtles Crocodiles Tertiary CLASSIC OSTROM 65 MYA Cretaceous CARNOSAURS COELUROSAURS COELUROSAURS 135 MYA SAUROPODS ORNITHISCHIA PTEROSAURS Jurassic THEROPODS 190 MYA SAURISCHIA DINOSAURIA THECODONTS Triassic THERAPSIDS 225 MYA SYNAPSIDS ANAPSIDS DIAPSIDS Permian

  6. Lizards & Snakes BIRDS Mammals Turtles Crocodiles Tertiary CLASSIC OSTROM 65 MYA Cretaceous CARNOSAURS COELUROSAURS 135 MYA SAUROPODS ORNITHISCHIA PTEROSAURS Jurassic THEROPODS 190 MYA SAURISCHIA DINOSAURIA THECODONTS Triassic THERAPSIDS 225 MYA SYNAPSIDS ANAPSIDS DIAPSIDS Permian

  7. Classic Theory of Bird Origin Basal Thecodont • Arboreal • Feathers • Flight 1st,Insulation 2nd • Earlier than archaeopteryx

  8. Ostrom’s Theory of Bird Origin Coelurosaur Ancestry • Cursorial • Feathers • Insulation 1st,Flight 2nd • Skeletal Structures • Similar Time to archaeopteryx

  9. SKELETAL FEATURES Convergence or Divergence?

  10. FLIGHT Cursorial (ostrom) Arboreal (classic)

  11. FLIGHT Cursorial (ostrom) Arboreal (classic)

  12. FEATHERS Flight 1st or Insulation 1st?

  13. Tertiary Modern Birds 65 MYA Enantiornithes Ichthyornis Toothed Divers Cretaceous Enantiornithes Neornithes 135 MYA Confusiousornis Liaoningornis Archaeopteryx Jurassic

  14. Tertiary Modern Birds 65 MYA Enantiornithes Ichthyornis Toothed Divers Cretaceous Enantiornithes Neornithes 135 MYA Confusiousornis Liaoningornis Archaeopteryx Jurassic

  15. Late Jurassic Birds Confusiousornis • Skull / Bill • Pygostyle • Synsacrum • Furcula • Ribs & Uncinate processes • Enlarged Sternum • Similar pectoral girdle • Supracoracoideus present • Similar hands / arms

  16. Late Jurassic Birds Liaoningornis • Sympatric with Confusiousornis • Skull / Bill • Pygostyle • Synsacrum • Furcula • Air sacs & Ribs • Keel • Pectoral girdle • Fused hands / arms

  17. Tertiary Modern Birds 65 MYA Enantiornithes Ichthyornis Toothed Divers Cretaceous Enantiornithes Neornithes 135 MYA Confusiousornis Liaoningornis Archaeopteryx Jurassic

  18. Tertiary Modern Birds 65 MYA Enantiornithes Ichthyornis Toothed Divers Cretaceous Enantiornithes Neornithes 135 MYA Confusiousornis Liaoningornis Archaeopteryx Jurassic

  19. Two Major Bird Lineages • Enantiornithes • Fusion of tarsometatarsus in opposite order • Most Diverse avian group in Cretaceous • Neornithes Iberomesornis Sinornis Nanantius Enantiornis

  20. Two Major Bird Lineages • Enantiornithes • Neornithes • Predecessors to modern birds • Toothed Divers – Hesperornis • Tern-like – Ichthyornis

  21. Passerines Pleistocene Moas 2 MYA Pliocene Most Non-Passerine Orders 7 MYA Terror Birds Coraciiformes Miocene Owls Piciformes 26 MYA Remiorniths Elephant Birds Shorebirds Pseudodontorns Oligocene Ducks 38 MYA Flamingoes Eocene Gastornis 54 MYA Presbyornis Paleocene Non-passerine Radiation 65 MYA Enantiornithes Modern Birds

  22. Non-Passerine Radiation • Fossils vs. Extant Phylogenies • Presbyornis • Shorebirds (gulls, sandpipers)

  23. Large Flightless Birds • Ratites (mostly)? • Galliformes? • Madagasi Vorompatra (VOO-room-patch) Elephant Bird • New Zealand Moas

  24. Large Carnivorous Birds • Gastornis / Diatryma – Europe / NA • Australian Dromonithids ‘Giant Demon Duck of Doom’ • Terror Birds – South America • Far from sympatric http://www.bbc.co.uk/beasts/factfiles/videofactfile.shtml?phorusrhacos_v http://www.pts.org.tw/~web02/beasts/factfiles/videofactfile.shtml.734.html

  25. Pseudodontorns

  26. Teratorns

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