Constitutional Period

1. Constitutional Period Unit IIB AP American History

2. A New Form of Government? • States drafted new constitutions • Defined citizens’ rights • Increased the power of the legislatures • Fear of powerful executives • Republicanism vs. democracy • Republicanism preferred landed elites, power in the hands of a few • Democracy synonymous with “mob rule” and development of corrupt factions • Debate on who may vote • Whites? Property owners? All males? Women? Christians?

3. Articles of Confederation • Each state retains its “sovereignty, freedom, and independence” • Unicameral legislature and weak national government • No executive or judicial system • Could not regulate interstate commerce • Limited taxation • Voting and Ratification • Each state received one vote • No new tax or amendments without unanimous consent

4. The Good: Northwest Territory • Land Ordinance of 1785 • 36-square-mile township • Each township divided into 36 sections of 640 acres each • $1 each acre • Sections set aside for school and church • Some land set aside as source of federal revenue • Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Forbade slavery north of Ohio River • Admitting states • Appoint territorial officials • Once 5,000 adult males settled then vote on temporary constitution and legislature • When population at 60,000, residents approve state constitution • Angered Natives • Hoped for British support • Deals with the Spanish

5. The Bad: Problems with the Articles

6. Tensions rise Jay-Gardoqui Treaty Spain’s rights to Mississippi River New England’s depression Merchants and shippers preferred a stronger government to secure improved commerce Massachusetts farmers in serious debt Held meetings protesting “tyrannical Mass. government” Daniel Shays led 2,000 men to shut down western courts to avoid foreclosures Failed but support for Shays and farmers grew Nationalists more determined to reform the Articles fearing disunion The Ugly: Shays’s Rebellion (1786-1787)

7. Toward a Constitution • Annapolis Convention (1786) • After a meeting run by Washington, delegates from five states meet in Maryland to discuss interstate commerce • Decide to reform Articles with other delegates • Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia • All states but Rhode Island • Held in secrecy • Common nationalist viewpoint • Reform Articles or devise new government altogether? • The Delegates • 55 total delegates; all white males • Mostly wealthy, middle-aged, professional (especially lawyers or politicians) • 19 delegates owned slaves • George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Benjamin Franklin

8. Virginia Plan Strong central government Virtually total legislative control over the states Bicameral legislature Proportional representation to each states population in both houses Lower house directly elected Lower house elected upper house with input from state legislatures Both houses chose executive and judicial New Jersey Plan Unicameral legislature Each state with an equal vote Representation?

9. Great Compromise • Bicameral legislature • Lower house (House of Representatives) based on proportion of each state’s population and directly elected • Upper house (Senate) based on equal representation of 2 senators each and elected by state legislatures • NOTE: Virginia and New Jersey Plans allowed for Congress to pass revenue bills, regulate commerce, supremacy over states

10. Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances/Federalism • National government divided equally among three branches: legislative (make laws), executive (enforce laws), judicial (interpret laws) • Each branch checked each other • Federalism: division of powers between national government and states

11. Three-Fifths Compromise and Slavery • Concerning representation, Southern states requested slave populations counted while Northern states noted hypocrisy and advantage • Each slave counted as 3/5ths a person • Fugitive Slave Clause • Importation of slaves banned by 1808

12. Strong central government Well-funded and politically organized Favored by merchants, urban centers, frontiersmen The Federalist Papers Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 51 States rights Argued for a Bill of Rights Favored by small farmers Federalists vs Anti-Federalists

14. Bill of Rights • First Ten Amendments • Guarantee of civil liberties • First Amendment • Establishment Clause • Freedom of… • Tenth Amendment • Federalism

15. Washington and the Constitution • Washington unanimously elected • John Adams as VP • Status and leadership • The Cabinet • Secretary of State, Treasury, War; Attorney General • Judiciary Act of 1789 • NOTE: Supreme Court held final decisions • Established federal judicial system • Federal district court in each state • Attorney General created • Whiskey Rebellion (1794) • Use of federal troops exemplified national power

16. Reports on the Public Credit Develop the nation’s credit especially abroad Fund debt by selling bonds Assume state debts Pay off interest rather than pay principle: “perpetual debt” Opponents argued wealthy would benefit greatly Southern farmers fear growth of Northern businesses Brokers a deal with Madison and Jefferson Assume debt Capital in the South Report on a National Bank Safe place for revenues Develop nation’s credit Issue of paper notes Established as a private institution Opponents - Jefferson and Madison Another attempt to enrich the Northern businesses and commercial interests Washington signs into law in 1791 Chartered for 20 years Hamilton argued based on “necessary and proper clause” (SEE MCCULLOGH V. MARYLAND - 1819) Hamilton and the National Bank

17. Opposition and Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton’s economic policies tended to benefit urban and commercial interests • Southern and Western farmers had little benefit • Excise tax on domestic whiskey • Western Pennsylvanian farmers attacked federal tax collectors • Washington and Hmilton led federal troops and quashed the rebels • Asserted federal authority over lawlessness • Public could denounce and protest laws

18. Washington’s Foreign Policy • Europe • French Revolution alienates U.S. and France • Citizen Genet (1793) • Washington proclaims neutrality • Jay’s Treaty (1796) • Removed British from Northwest forts • Most-favored trade status to Britain • No compensation for lost slaves • Heavily favored Britain, but averted war for U.S. • Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty (1796) • Established boundaries with Spain • Unrestricted trade access on the Mississippi River • Natives • Treaty of Greenville (1795) • After routing Shawnees at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) • Formal recognition/cession of Northwest Territory

19. Washington’s Precedents • Two terms • “Mr. President” • Cabinet • Neutrality • Special Relationship with Great Britain • Farewell Address

20. Washington’s Farewell Address Retired after two terms Preserve treaties and avoid alliances** Condemned political parties and partisan conflicts* Warned of sectionalism and to preserve unity Religion and morality and diffusion of knowledge (education) Washington’s Farewell

21. Federalists National policies Commerce and manufacturing Urban Pro-British Anti-French revolution Elitist and republicanism Northeast Democratic-Republicans Egalitarian and liberalism Agricultural Rural Included small farmers, merchants, artisans Pro-France West and South First Political Party System

22. Election of 1796 John Adams 1797-1801

23. Adams and the XYZ Affair • French seizure of American ships • American delegation to France • John Marshall • Elbridge Gerry • Charles Pinckney • Talleyrand • Quasi War (1797-1798) “The Paris Monster”, 1797

24. Adams and the Alien and Sedition Acts • Parameters • Deport or jail foreign citizens believed as threats • Expel foreign residents if considered dangerous • Increase residency requirement • Criticism of government prohibited • Ulterior motive • Democratic-Republican Reaction • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison • Theory of nullification Matthew Lyon (D-R) and Roger Griswold (F)

25. Election of 1800 • Political efficacy more than doubled given the increased partisan politics • Dem-Reps gathered increased support as Federalists weakened • Adams lost, but Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied • Hamilton secured Federalist support for Jefferson • House elected Jefferson • Smooth transition of leadership signaled the success of the New Republic

26. Election of 1800

27. An American Society • In the past, most families produced for personal consumption • In the new nation, families attempted to meet new demands and focused on production with old and new markets • New class of entrepreneurs and investors • Split between manufacturers (Hamilton) and farmers (Jefferson)

28. Women in the New Republic • Limited political and property rights • Increased marital rights • “Republican motherhood” • Raise virtuous citizens • Increased educational opportunities

29. Blacks and Slaves in the New Republic • Excerpt from Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson (1776) • We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. • Excerpt from Benjamin Banneker’s address to Thomas Jefferson (1792) • …Sir, how pitiable is it to reflect, that although you were so fully convinced of the benevolence of the Father of Mankind, and of his equal and impartial distribution of these rights and privileges, which he hath conferred upon them, that you should at the same time counteract his mercies, in detaining by fraud and violence so numerous a part of my brethren, under groaning captivity and cruel oppression, that you should at the same time be found guilty of that most criminal act, which you professedly detested in others, with respect to yourselves.

30. Massachusetts - 100% 7,378 Free Blacks Vermont - 100% 557 Free Blacks New Hampshire - 99% 855 Free Blacks Rhode Island - 90% 3,304 Free Blacks Pennsylvania - 89% 14,564 Free Blacks Connecticut - 85% 5,300 Free Blacks Delaware - 57% 8,268 Free Blacks New York - 33% 10,374 Free Blacks New Jersey - 26% 4,402 Free Blacks Maryland - 16% 19,587 Free Blacks Virginia - 6% 20,124 Free Blacks North Carolina - 5% 7,043 Free Blacks South Carolina - 2% 3,185 Free Blacks Georgia - 2% 1,019 Free Blacks Kentucky - 2% 741 Free Blacks Tennessee - 2% 309 Free Blacks United States - 11% 108,395 Free Blacks Percentage of Free Blacks of Total Black Population (1800) Total U.S. Population: 5.3 million Total Black Population: 1 million

31. Natives in New Republic • Populations and lands severely depleted due to famine, disease, and encroachment by white settlers • Taken advantage by white traders due to unfamiliarity to American economic system • Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-1796) • Protect against illegal land seizures and abuses • “civilization” programs