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web 1 Ancient Theories of Solar System

Science 6: Unit 2 lesson 1. web 1 Ancient Theories of Solar System 1.heliocentric theory 2. geocentric theory 3. Aristotle 4. Aristarchus 5. Ptolemy 6. Copernicus 7. Johannes Kepler 8. elliptical orbits 9. Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion 10. Galileo 11. Galileo’s telescope.

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web 1 Ancient Theories of Solar System

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  1. Science 6: Unit 2 lesson 1 web 1 Ancient Theories of Solar System 1.heliocentric theory2. geocentric theory3. Aristotle 4. Aristarchus 5. Ptolemy 6. Copernicus 7. Johannes Kepler8. elliptical orbits9. Kepler’s 3 Laws of Planetary Motion 10. Galileo11. Galileo’s telescope

  2. The Solar System: Ch. 20 • ANCIENT CONCEPTS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM • ANCIENT GREEKS NAMED THE 6 "WANDERING STARS" PLANETS • SIX INNER PLANETS (including Earth) KNOWN TO ANCIENT PEOPLES • ANCIENT GREEKS BELIEVED IN "GEOCENTRIC“ (EARTH CENTERED) SYSTEM • STARS, SUN, PLANETS ON “CELESTIAL SPHERES” MOVE AROUND EARTH • ARISTOTLE: GREEK PHILOSOPHER, BELIEVED IN GEOCENTRIC THEORY • PTOLEMY REFINED GEOCENTRIC MODEL IN 140 AD USING CIRCULAR ORBITS SLIDE 1

  3. FIRST MODERN THEORIES OF SOLAR SYSTEM • ARISTARCHUS: GREEK ASTRONOMER, 1ST TO PROPOSE HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM • HELIOCENTRIC THEORY STATES THAT SOLAR SYSTEM IS SUN-CENTERED • ATTEMPTED TO USE GEOMETRY TO JUDGE DISTANCES TO MOON, SUN • HIS HELIOCENTRIC THEORY NOT ACCEPTED (~ 250 BC) • NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (LATE 1500’S AD):ADJUSTED HELIOCENTRIC MODEL • HAD PLANETS MOVING IN PERFECTLY CIRCULAR ORBITS AROUND SUN • INACCURATE: DID NOT ALLOW EXACT PREDICTIONS OF PLANETS’ MOTIONS SLIDE 2

  4. THE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION • JOHANNES KEPLER (EARLY 1600’S) DEVELOPED 3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION • BASED ON 20 YEARS OF OBSERVATIONS BY TYCHO BRAHE IN LATE 1500'S • DEVELOPED THE 3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION • . PLANET ORBITS WERE ELLIPTICAL (SUN AT ONE CENTER) • . AN ORBITING PLANET MOVED SLOWER IN ORBIT WHEN FURTHEST FROM SUN, FASTER NEAR SUN (SWEPT AREAS EQUAL) • . STATED THAT PLANETS CLOSEST TO SUN MOVED FASTER • ELLIPSES: SLIGHTLY FLATTENED, CIRCULAR SHAPE WITH 2 CENTERS SLIDE 3

  5. THE PHYSICS OF PLANETARY ORBITS • GALILEO USED THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO DISCOVER NEW CONCEPTS • INERTIA: OBJECTS AT REST STAY AT REST, THOSE IN MOTION REMAIN IN MOTION • INERTIA DEPENDS ON MASS, VELOCITY • MORE MASS, MORE INERTIA • DEVELOPED AN IMPROVED REFRACTING (LENS) TELESCOPE • TELESCOPE WAS 2 INCHES IN DIAMETER, MAGNIFIED 20 X • USED TO VIEW SUNSPOTS, PHASES OF VENUS, MOON, JUPITER’S MOONS • GALILEO IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF ASTRONOMY SLIDE 4

  6. Science 6: Unit 2 lesson 2 • GRAVITY: FORCE AF ATTRACTION BETWEEN OBJECTS • GRAVITY’S EFFECT INCREASES WITH GREATER MASSES AND SHORTER DISTANCES • GRAVITY IS THE WEAKEST OF THE FOUR NATURAL FORCES • SIR ISAAC NEWTON FORMULATED THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION IN LATE 1600’S • STATES THAT “GRAVITY VARIES INVERSELY TO THE SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE” • CHANGES IN DISTANCE HAVE MUCH MORE EFFECT ON GRAVITY THAN MASS SLIDE 5

  7. ORBITS: PATH OF ONE OBJECT AROUND ANOTHER IN SPACE • STABLE ORBITS BALANCE INERTIA AND GRAVITY • INERTIA: OBJECTS IN MOTION STAY IN MOTION, THOSE AT REST STAY AT REST • INERTIA AFFECTED BY MASS AND VELOCITY • MORE MASS, MORE INERTIA; MORE VELOCITY, MORE INERTIA • FIRST STATED BY GALILEO • CHANGING VELOCITY CHANGES ORBIT: FASTER VELOCITIES, HIGHER ORBITS • CENTRIPETAL FORCE: PULLS AN OBJECT INTO THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR PATH • GRAVITY RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS INWARD IN AN ORBIT • WITHOUT GRAVITY, THE OBJECT WOULD FLY OFF INTO EMPTY SPACE SLIDE 6

  8. JOHANNES KEPLER BASED HIS LAWS ON TYCHO BRAHE’S OBSERVATIONS GALILEO’S WORK • TYCHO BRAHE’S OBSERVATION COVERED 20 YEARS AND WERE VERY ACCURATE • KEPLER FORMULATED HIS 3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION TO FIT THIS DATA • ALL ORBITS ARE ELLIPTICAL (CIRCULAR SHAPES WITH 2 CENTERS) • APHELION: FARTHEST POINT FORM THE SUN IN ORBIT (EARTH’s on July 3rd ) • PERIHELION: CLOSEST POINT OF ORBIT TO THE SUN (EARTH’S on Jan. 3rd) • PLANETS CHANGE SPEED IN ORBIT: MOVE FASTER AS THEY APPROACH THE SUN • PLANETS ARE PULLED BY THE SUN’S GRAVITY • INERTIA PREVENTS THEM FROM BEING PULLED INTO THE SUN • INNER PLANETS MOVE MUCH FASTER THAN THE OUTER-MOST PLANETS • KEPLER’S LAWS ACCURATELY DESCRIBE THE ORBITS OF OBJECTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM SLIDE 7

  9. Science 6: Unit 2 lesson 3 • FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 4.6 BILLION YEARS AGO • NEBULA OF DUST AND GAS BEGAN COLLAPSE • GRAVITY PULLED MATTER INTO A FLATTENED PROTO-STELLAR DISK AT CENTER • FRICTION IN COMPRESSED MATTER PRODUCED HEAT • AT 15 MILLION DEGREES c, FUSION BEGAN AND THE SUN WAS BORN • A PLANETARY DISK REMAINED AROUND THE NEW SUN • DUST IN OUTER DISK COLLECTED INTO SMALL BODIES CALLED PLANETESIMALS • COLLISIONS OF THE PLANETESIMALS CLEARED THE PLANETARY DISK • PLANETESIMALS CONTINUED TO COLLECT TO FORM THE PLANETS SLIDE 8

  10. THE SUN WAS FORMED IN A NEBULA 4.6 BILLION YEARS AO • CORE TEMPERATURE 15 MILLION DEGREES C • MADE OF 74% hydrogen, 25% HELIUM • HAS DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION: PARTS OF SUN ROTATE AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS • SUN’S POLES SPIN AT 35 DAYS PER ROTATION • SUN’S EQUATOR SPINS AT 25 DAYS PER ROTATION • CORE PRODUCES ENERGY BY NUCLEAR FUSION • FIRST EXPLAINED BY ALBERT EINSTEIN IN EQUATION “ E = mc2 “ • ITS TEMPERATURE CAUSES 6 HYDROGEN TO FORM 1 HELIUM, 2 HYDROGEN • FUSION OF HYDROGEN INTO HELIUM PRODUCES GREAT AMOUNTS ENERGY SLIDE 9

  11. SOLAR STRUCTURE: • CORE: CENTER OF SUN, SOURCE OF FUSION (CHANGING HYDROGEN TO HELIUM) • RADIATIVE ZONE: TRANSFERS FUSION’S ENERGY FROM CORE USING RADIATION • RADIATION: TRANSFER OF ENERGY USING EM WAVE ENERGY • ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY IN GAMMA, X-RAYS, LIGHT, RADIO WAVES • SUN’S MATTER IN THIS LAYER MOVES LITTLE • CONVECTIVE ZONE: TRANSFERS ENERGY TO USING CURRENTS OF MOVING GASES • THIS ZONES TRANSFERS ENERGY TO SUN’S SURFACE • MOTION OF GASES CREATE DARK GRANULES ON SURFACE • HOT GASES EXPAND, ARE LESS DENSE (lighter for its volume), RISE • COOLER GASES MORE DENSE, FALL SLIDE 10

  12. 4. PHOTOSPHERE: THE YELLOW VISIBLE DISC OF THE SUN, ABOUT 5,000 DEGREES C • SUNSPOTS: COOL, VIOLENT, DARK STORMS ON PHOTOSPHERE • SUNSPOTS CAN AFFECT COMMUNICATIONS, POWER GRID ON EARTH • SUNSPOTS CONE IN 11 YEAR CYCLES (PEAK BEGINS IN 2012, ENDS IN 2013) • SOLAR FLARES: EXPLOSIVE SHOT OF ENERGY FROM A SUNSPOT • SOLAR PROMINENCE: PHOTOSPHERE’S GAS LOOPS FOLLOW MAGNETIC FIELD • 5. CHROMOSOME: THIN, RED USUALLY INVISIBLE LAYER OUTSIDE THE PHOTOSPHERE • 6. CORONA: OUTER-MOST THIN, HARD-TO SEE WHITISH LAYER EXTENDING TO SPACE • 7. SOLAR WIND: ENERGY THAT EXTENDS THROUGH THE SOLAR SYSTEM FROM THE SUN SLIDE 11

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