Improvement of Hazardous Waste Management in Turkey

1. Improvement of Hazardous Waste Managementin Turkey Ülkü Yetiş Department of Environmental Engineering METU

2. OUTLINE • Hazardous Wastes ? • Legislation • EU • National • Current Situation in Turkey • Project • Inventory of HWs • Information System • Collection System • Conclusions

3. Hazardous Wastes ? • Any waste or combination of wastes with the potential to damage human health, living organisms or the environment • Hazardous wastes require special handling and disposal procedures

4. European Wide Definitionof HW by the WFD

5. Universal Hazardous Wastes ? Oils Pesticides Chemicals Acids and Alkalis Lead, Acids Paints

6. What Hazardous Chemicals in Your Home ?

7. What Hazardous Wastes from Industrial Activities ?

8. Past Events in Turkey? “367 barrels were found in the Black Sea Coast“, 1988 “18 yıldır Samsun ve Sinop'ta depolarda tutulan zehirli variller nihayet İtalya'ya iade diliyor”, 2006 http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=199968, September 2006 http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/ShowNew.aspx?id=3633656, 2005

9. Past Events in Turkey? “Barrels poisened the workers inTuzla”. “Tuzla’da bulunan zehirli varillerin toprak altından çıkartılması sırasında kepçe operatörü sızan gazdan zehirlenerek hastaneye kaldırıldı. Gaz sızıntısı nedeniyle çalışmalara ara verildi”. www.NTVMSNBC.com.tr; 18 .4.2006

10. Past Events in Turkey? The most dangerous poison is going... The work for sending very dangerous chemical BHC waste to Germany for disposal that is spreaded far and wide in an area in Derince, near Koruma Tarım Plant since 22 years, has started... We are sending inauspicious guest... • In the ceramony organized for sending tons of BHC to Germany, the Environment and Forestry Minister Osman Pepe said «we are posting inauspicious guest to Germany for incineration at a cost of 2 million Euros...» A Hazardous Waste Management System ? Just the tip of the İceberg ! Özgür Kocaeli Gazetesi, 13 .5. 2007 (http://www.kocaeli.web.tr/Haber/2200)

11. Hazardous waste management system FACILITIES LEGISLATION Hazardous waste management system SUPPORT SERVICES ENFORCEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS Each of the elements must be present if the overall system is to operate effectively SERVICE SECTOR

12. Politicians are very interested in wastes ! (Howard Robinson, 2007)

13. Other Problems ? Famoussyndromes: – NIMBY (Not In My BackYard). A widely spread public attitude towards the nstallation of waste management facilities close to any givenresidential area. – NIMO (Not In My Office time). A common practiceamong politicians and dministrators to avoid or postponedecisions that may adversely impair their careers. – BANANA (Building Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anybody). A widely spread syndrome to all the approaches to waste waste management. R. Cossu, Waste Management 29 (2009) 2797–2798

14. A NIMBY Example « Mersin: Tarsus'ta Katı Atık Tesisine Karşı İmza Kampanyası Mersin'in Tarsus İlçesi'nde, Sağlıklı Köyü ile Kurbanlı Köyü sınırlarında kurulması planlanan Kimyasal Atık Yakma ve Deponite Entegre Tesisi'ne karşı imza kampanyası başlatıldı.» «Mersin: Tarsus'ta 'Zehirli Atık Bertaraf Tesisi'ne Büyük Tepki Mersin'in Tarsus İlçesi'ne bağlı Kurbanlı Köyü'nde, kurulması planlanan Endüstriyel Zehirli Atık Bertaraf Tesisi'ne karşı çıkan yaklaşık 5 bin kişi yürüyüş yaparak tepki gösterdi.» A series community resistance to new incinerator siting Many other examples http://www.haberler.com

15. Rational WM Plans • Plus; • The existence of an effective communications strategy • The timely and accurate information to overcome the objections of the NIMBY lobby “A combination of these syndromes coupled with extreme environmentalistpositions against landfilling and incineration,associated with lobbying, illegal or criminal interests may result(as happened in the Naples area in Italy) in a total paralysis ofall technical and environmental management of waste. We should take theopportunity to educate our family, neighbours, teachers andour elected representatives: only through education will costeffective rational waste management plans be reachedwithout NIMBY, NIMO or BANANA and with negligible influenceof negative interests” R. Cossu, Waste Management 29 (2009) 2797–2798

16. OUTLINE • Hazardous Waste ? • Legislation • EU • National • Current Situation in Turkey • Project • Inventory of HWs • Information System • Collection System

17. General WastePolicy Framework Main objectives: - avoid waste by promoting environmentally-friendly and less waste-intensive technologies and processes; - promote reprocessing, in particular the recovery and the re-use of waste as raw materials; - improve waste disposal by introducing stringentstandards; - tighten up the provisions governing the transport of dangerous substances; - reclaim contaminated land.

18. EU WasteFramework Directive The Directive (2008/98/EC ); is the primary legislative framework for the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste across Europe uses a waste hierarchyto define a priority order for waste prevention, legislation and policy requires that MS adopt waste management plans and waste prevention programs

19. Obligations of the MS Integrated and adequate network of disposal installations Installations for the recovery of waste collected (taking into account best available techniques)

20. EU WasteFramework Directive • The Regulation requires MS to produce statisticson all aspects of the waste management, such as the generation, recovery and disposal of waste.

21. Regulation on General Principles of Waste Management  • The regulation; • Is in full alignment with the provisions of the old EU Waste Directive and the Decision that establishes a waste list • Transposes certain provisions of the current EU WFD • Concerning full harmonization with the EU acquis, Turkey plans to fully implement the provisions of WFD by the end of the year 2015

22. OUTLINE • Hazardous Waste ? • Legislation • EU • National • Current Situation in Turkey • Project • Inventory of HWs • Information System • Collection System • Conclusions

23. HW Generation

24. HW Generation 1.25 – 2.6 million tons/year Life – Hawaman Project, MoEU

25. HW Recycle and Disposal Facilities (current+planned) Incineration and coincineration Landfill Recycling 42 2013 Source: Betul Dogru, MoEU

26. HW Disposal Facilities – Current and planned Landfill Incineration 7.750 ton/yr 105.000 ton 6.084 ton 35.000 ton/yr 160.000 ton 20.000 ton/yr 200.000 ton 100.000 ton/yr 240.000 ton 17.500 ton/yr 11.000 ton Coincineration Source: Betul Dogru, MoEU

27. HW Disposal Facilities ? Yearly HW Generation : 1,2-2,6 million tons *Excluding coincineration

28. Cost of Compliance Planning and decision-making processes requires detailed analysis of hazardous waste generation data, their industrial and geographic distribution The total investment needed for the compliance to the EU’s HW Directive: EUR 1 billion in the period of 2007–2023 Source: MoEF, Environmental Heavy-Cost Investment Planning (EHCIP) Project of Turkey,led by COWI A/S, 2006.

29. IZAYDAS- İzmit Facilities

30. IZAYDAS- İzmit Facilities Greenpeace'den İZAYDAŞ baskını 14/07/2003 Greenpeace üyesi 21 kişilik grup, İZAYDAŞ tesislerinde yaklaşık 3 saat süreyle eylem yaptıktan sonra gözaltına alındı. İZAYDAŞ tesisleri önüne sabaha doğru gelen ikisi İngiliz vatandaşı 12 Greenpeace üyesi,....... BANANA Syndrome http://www.greenpeace.se/projects/baltic/html/bild_0521_2.asp http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=81467 “Zehirli Kalkınma Örneği: İZAYDAŞ” http://www.bianet.org/bianet/cevre--3/10195-zehirli-kalkinma-ornegi-izaydas, 2002

31. Turkey 2011 Progress Report of the EC  Turkey 2011 Progress Report of the Commission lists the subsequent remarks regarding the progress of Turkey in meeting of the EU acquiscommunautaire on waste management as follows: “Good progress can be reported in the field of waste management. The revision of the waste legislation, largely in line with the provisions of the new EU Waste Framework Directive, has begun with the adoption of legislation on solid waste, waste water tariffs, waste incineration, packaging waste and the inspection of end-of-life vehicles. Legislation was also adopted in the areas of mining and the standardisation of the import of batteries and accumulators, ensuring further alignment with the acquis. Efforts have been made to bring some landfills up to EU standards and for the separate collection of various categories of waste, as well as for the recovery of energy from waste oils and sterilisation of hazardous medical waste. However, Turkey still needs to prepare and implement national, regional and local waste management plans in line with the EU Waste Framework Directive.”

32. OUTLINE • Hazardous Waste ? • Legislation • EU • National • Current Situation in Turkey • Project • Inventory of HWs • Information System • Collection System • Conclusions

33. PROJECT “Hazardous Waste Management In Compliance With European Union Environmental Regulations In Turkey” (KAMAG-107G126)Project funded by TUBITAK 2009-2012

34. PROJECT TEAM Hazardous Wastes Division Ministry of Environment and Urbanization MOS Bilişim

35. Target Rational HW Management System

36. What is essential ? HW Generation Info; WGFs • Waste generation, quantity, type, geographical distribution ? • Most proper locations for HW disposal facilities? • Routes to be used for the transfer of HW to these locations ? • What capacities ?

37. WGFs Amount of HW generated / unit production Production unit (e.g. capacity) Number of people (e.g. employees) Economic unit (e.g. GDP) Waste generation factors (WGFs) *

38. Purpose ?

39. Manufacturing Industry • Geographical and sectoral distribution • Priority sectors • HW lists for each NACE code • WGF for each HW • HW Inventory based on WGFs

40. Sectoral Distribution √ 1.2 M ton/year WGFs for all industrial sectors Total HW Generation

41. HW Generation in Turkey

42. Anational web-based system to capture information from production to collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste • HW Information System • TABS

43. APPROACH ? • Strengthening the Control Mechanism – Waste Declaration

44. TABS – Modification • More accurate WGFs • WGFs for missing HWs Dynamic Inventory

45. TABS

46. TABS # of producers using

47. During planning phase of hazardous waste facilities, obtaining accurate spatial distribution of waste generation gains outmost importance ! • HW Facilities

48. Objective • To provide a framework that leads the Ministry in planning of hazardous waste facilities to be built • Lowest environmental impact • Lowest population impact • Lowest cost • HW • Facilities

49. Approach: • Optimization models • Different scenarios • HW Facilities Thanks to Dr. Bahar Y. Kara, Bilkent University, Industrial Engineering Department

50. Optimizing Location and Size of HW Facilities • Settlements within 1600m bandwidth from each side of the road are determined 1. Population exposure estimation