GHSGT ELA Cram Session

1. Taken from Burke County High School GHSGT ELA Cram Session

2. Types of Literature The two main types of literature on this test are proseand poetry. • Prose: consists of a story written in sentences and paragraphs that come from the author’s own imagination. • Poetryis set up in groups of lines called stanzas which have a certain rhythm or beat as you read them. Poetry also contains vivid images in very compact language.

3. Prose

4. Literary Elements in Fiction CHARACTER A person(s), animal, or natural force appearing in a literary work. PROTAGONIST The main character or hero of a short story. ANTAGONIST A rival or opponent of the hero.

5. Basic Story Elements Setting When and where a story takes place Point of View The vantage point from which the story is told– the relationship of the narrator to the story. Conflict The struggle between different forces in a story Plot The sequence of events in a story that leads to the resolution

6. Plot Development Climax Rising Action Falling Action Exposition Resolution Narrative Hook/Conflict Introduced

7. Point of View (POV) First-personis told by a character who uses the first-person pronoun “I”. Third-person (Limited or Omniscient) is the point of view where the narrator uses third-person pronouns such as “he” and “she” to refer to the characters. LIMITED: this perspective is distinct from the omniscient mode in that the reader experiences the story through the senses and thoughts of just one character. OMNISCIENT: this perspective is told from the point of view of a storyteller who plays no part in the story but knows all the facts, including the characters' thoughts.

8. Conflict • The struggle between different forces in a story. Internalconflict is a mental or emotional struggle that occurs within a character(Man vs. Himself) Externalconflict is a struggle that occurs between a character and outside forces, which could be another character or the environment. (Man vs. Man, Society, Nature, etc)

9. IRONY • Verbal ironyis when a speaker says one thing but means another, or when a literal meaning is contrary to its intended effect. An example of this is sarcasm. • Dramatic ironyis when words and actions possess a significance that the listener or audience understands, but the speaker or character does not. • Situational ironyis when the result of an action is contrary to the desired or expected effect . . . what you expect to happen does not come to pass.

10. Writer’s TONE Toneis a reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or other literary work. Tonemay be communicated through words and details that express particular emotions and that evoke and emotional response from the reader. For example, word choice or phrasing may seem to convey respect, anger, lightheartedness, or sarcasm.

11. Flashback & Foreshadowing Flashbackis action that interrupts to show an event that happened at an earlier time which is necessary to better understanding. Often flashbacks are presented as a memory of the narrator or of another character. Foreshadowingis the use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in literature. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to create suspense. This is used to help readers prepare for what is to come.

12. THEME Themeis the general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express—sometimes referred to “a life lesson.” All of the elements of literary terms contribute to theme. A simple theme can often be stated in a single sentence.

13. Poetry Poetry consists of imagery, rhythm and rhyme, and figures of speech.

14. Types of Poetry • LYRIC: An emotional writing focusing on thought and emotion - can consist of a song-like quality. Subdivisions include elegy, ode and sonnet. Lyric poetry does not attempt to tell a story.

15. Types of Lyric Poetry

16. Types of Poetry • NARRATIVE A poem which tells a story. Includes the subdivision epic, a long story which tells of the heroic ideals of a particular society, and ballad, which generally tell of an event of interest such as a crime. Ballads were originally intended to be sung while dancing.

17. Narrative Poetry • Epics Epics are long, complicated story-poems. They tell of extraordinary deeds by supernatural heroes and villains. • Ballads Ballads are part of the oral tradition and tella story through song. Their subjects can be heroic, satirical, romantic, or political. They focus on the actions and dialogue of a story—not the characters.

18. Types of Poetry • DRAMATIC Any drama written in verse which is meant to be spoken, usually to tell a story or portray a situation. The majority of dramatic poetry is written in blank verse.

19. Imagery, Rhythm & Rhyme • Imagery is words or phrases that recreate an experience of a feeling. It usually appeals to one or more of the five senses—sight, sound, smell, taste, or touch. • Rhythmis a pattern of sound you hear as the poetry is spoken or read. • Rhymerefers to the repetition of sounds or words within lines (internal rhyme) or at the end of lines (end rhyme).

20. Iambic Pentamenter • The most common rhythm in English poetry. • Consists of a line ten syllables long that is accented on every second beat.

21. Poetry that Doesn’t Rhyme • Blank verse is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Whereas, free verse (sometimes referred to free form) is not written in iambic pentameter.

22. Types of Stanzas • Couplet = a two line stanza • Triplet = a three line stanza • Quatrain = a four line stanza • Quintet = a five line stanza • Sestet = a six line stanza • Septet = a seven line stanza • Octave = an eight line stanza

23. Figures of Speech Figures of Speech are images that depart from standard wording to achieve a special meaning of effect.

24. Poetry Sounds • Assonance is the repetition of vowel-sounds within non-rhyming words. • Consonanceis the repetition of consonant sounds within words. • Alliterationis the repetition of same sounds at the start of words. There is an example of all three of these terms in one line of the poem, “The Raven,” written by Edgar Allan Poe: And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtainAssonance is the repetition of the ur sound in "purple" and "curtain.“Consonance is the repetition of the s sound within "uncertain" and "rustling.“Alliteration is the repetition of the s sound at the start of "silken" and "sad.”

25. Hyperbole • Hyperboleis exaggeration or overstatement. • Example:I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.He's as big as a house.

26. Simile and Metaphor • Metaphor is thecomparison of two unlike things using the verb "to be" and not using like or asas in a simile. Example: He is a pig. Simileis the comparison of two unlike things using like or as. Example: He eats like a pig. Vines like golden prisons.

27. Onomatopoeia & Personification • Onomatopoeiais a word that imitates the sound it represents. • Example:splash, wow, gush, kerplunk • Personification is giving human characteristics to something non-human. • Example:smiling moon

28. Oxymoron • Oxymoronis a combination of contradictory or opposite words. • Examples: “pretty ugly” “jumbo shrimp” “legally drunk”

29. Paradox • Paradoxis a statement that at first appears false but in reality is true. • Example: “Tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.”

30. American Literature Understanding the Literary Periods

31. Native American Literature Native American (30,000BC-1730AD): • Characteristics—focus on the common origin of all things, tribal traditions and rituals, respect for all nature. • Types of literature—mostly oral, some written, consisting of ceremonial songs and prayers, historical narratives, and poems.

32. The Colonial Period Puritan/Colonial (1620-1730): • Characteristics—focus on predestination, plainness in all things. • Types of literature—sermons, diaries, journals, narratives, and poetry; fiction or drama was forbidden.

33. The Revolutionary Period Revolutionary (1750-1800): • Characteristics—high regard for reasoning and scientific observation; strong belief in human progress; freedom from restrictive laws and government; moderation and self-control in all things; stress on elegant, ornate style of writing. • Types of literature—political writings, almanacs, speeches, essays, and some poetry.

34. The Romantic Period Romantic (1800-1840): • Characteristics—high regard for inner feelings and emotions; focus on the individual; reverence for the imagination; use of language of the common people. • Types of literature—poetry, novels, short stories, sketches, and folklore.

35. The Transcendentalist Period Transcendentalism & Anti-Transcendentalism (1840-1860): • Characteristics—(T) reverence for nature; happiness comes from individualism and self-reliance; (AT) critical of optimistic views; human nature a mixture of good and evil. • Types of literature—essays, novels, short stories, and poetry.

36. Realism & Naturalism Realism & Naturalism (1855-1918): • Characteristics—(R) expression of life as it is actually lived; factual description of ordinary characters and events; regionalism or local color; focus on dialect, customs, and characters of a particular region; (N) heredity, environment, and economics determine one’s destiny; nature as a brutal force; influence of scientific method. • Types of literature—stories, novels, poetry, travel books, songs, and spirituals.

37. The Modern Period Modern Age (1918-present): • Characteristics—opposition to dehumanizing trends in modern life; short stories with a more open form that stress mood and character rather than plot; loss of idealism due to war; experimental forms of poetry--free verse, imagism, and confessional poetry; rise in African-American heritage, culture, and concerns.

38. Reading Comprehension Literal & Inferential Understanding; Writer’s Purpose & Pattern

39. Literal Understanding • Literal understanding refers to information that is directly stated in a passage. • A main idea is the basic topic of a passage. It is often stated directly at the beginning of a passage. Sometimes it can be stated at the end, and, occasionally, it may not be stated at all. • A supporting detail expands or clarifies the main idea of a passage. Since the supporting details develop the main idea, there are usually several. They may explain the main idea by cause-effect examples, sequence, or comparing and contrasting.

40. Inferential Understanding • Inferential understanding is information not directly stated in a passage. You may be asked to make various types of inferences—reading between the lines, an educated guess—about a passage. • These inferences will take the form of (1) implied main idea—main idea that is not stated directly; (2) conclusion—forming a judgment or opinion based on what is stated; or (3) prediction—applying information from a passage to a new situation.

41. Propaganda • Propaganda is information that tries to falsely influence your opinions or feelings. It is found in television commercials, newspaper ads and editorials, political speeches, and everyday conversations too. Continue for examples . . .

42. Propaganda: Testimonials (1) testimonials—a commonly used technique in which famous persons endorse a product even though they may not be qualified experts. • Example(s): Michael Jordan eats Wheaties. Sarah Jessica Parker states in a commercial that Preference hair color has better conditioners.

43. Propaganda:Plain Folks (2) plain folks—a technique which persuades us to think or act a certain way because other people are doing the same thing. • Example(s): Everyone is having sex before marriage so it must be OK. The cool kids wear Polo and Tommy Hilifiger.

44. Propaganda:Transfer (3) transfer—a technique in which we connect our feelings about something to another unrelated thing (often symbols like flags, respected leaders, or historical figures are used). • Example(s): The Statue of Liberty represents Liberty Insurance so people will respect the company’s products. A political candidate gives a speech with the American flag in the background so people will trust in what he is saying.

45. Propaganda:Snob Appeal (4) snob appeal—a high social status is the reward for thinking or acting a certain way. • Example(s): Uncommon, unusual, unlike the rest – Avanti! The height of fashion is a Coach purse.

46. Propaganda:Glittering Generality (5) glittering generality—a general claim with no proof to support it. • Example(s): New, improved Speed Hair Spray! Vote for a future of progress and prosperity.

47. Writer’s PURPOSE • Purposerefers to why an author writes. Readers can better understand written material when they can determine the reason an author writes. Four common purposes for writing are: (1) narrative—tells a story through a series of unrelated events; (2) description—recreates a person, place, or thing through words that appeal to the five senses; (3) expository—presents information about a topic, usually through facts or examples; and (4) persuasion—urges an audience to do something or accept an opinion.

48. Types of Writing

49. Writer’s PATTERN Four common patterns writers use are: (1) climactic—sometimes this pattern is called order of importance because the writer starts with the least important details and ends with the most important details to make a point; (2) comparison/contrast—shows similarities or differences between two ideas or things; (3) cause-effect—cause refers to the reason for an action whereas effect is the result of an action; and (4) subordination—helps us see the logical relationship between facts by using transitions. • Patternmeans how a writer organizes the details of a passage. These details will follow a certain pattern in explaining the main idea.

50. Organization: Climatic Key Words: • First in addition • Second next • Third then • Finally most of all • Also worst of all Least Important Most Important Most Important Least Important Examples: Ranking Household Expenses Most/Least Favorite Class