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GHSGT Review

GHSGT Review. Ecology. Organizational Levels. Species – group of the same organisms that are able to reproduce viable offspring that grow to maturity and reproduce viable offspring. Organizational Levels.

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GHSGT Review

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  1. GHSGT Review Ecology

  2. Organizational Levels • Species – group of the same organisms that are able to reproduce viable offspring that grow to maturity and reproduce viable offspring

  3. Organizational Levels • Population – group of individuals of the same species living at the same place at the same time

  4. Organizational Levels • Community – groups of different populations living at the same place at the same time

  5. Organizational Levels • Ecosystem – all the living and nonliving components of a particular area • Biotic – living • Abiotic - nonliving

  6. Organizational Levels • Biosphere – where living things are found on Earth • 5 milesabove surface In atmosphere • 5 milesbelow surface in ocean 5 mi 5 mi

  7. Organizational Levels • Species • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Biosphere

  8. Nature: The Ultimate Recycler • 3 main cycles found in nature • H2OWATER • N2 NITROGEN • C CARBON

  9. The Water Cycle • Surface water evaporates • Drops condense (clouds) • Precipitation falls (rain snow sleet hail) • Water replenishes ground water stores (aquifers), lakes streams rivers

  10. The Nitrogen Cycle • Lightning fixes some, falls to ground • Most must be fixed to a usable form so plants can absorb it

  11. The Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria – fix atmospheric N2 into a form that plants can use • Legumefamily are the plants that can fix nitrogen • Ex: beans, clover

  12. The Carbon Cycle • Animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide • Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen

  13. Energy Flow in Ecosystems • Remember – energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It gets used (transformed) • Consumed energy must be replaced • All living things require energy

  14. Electromagnetic Waves Ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth is the SUN

  15. Photosynthesis • Green plants are photosynthetic • Organelles called chloroplasts contain pigment chlorophyll (green)

  16. Photosynthesis • CO2 + H20 → C6H12O6 + O2 Carbon dioxide and Water in the presence of sunlight yield Sugar and Oxygen

  17. Autotroph v. Heterotroph • Autotrophs can automatically make their own food from sunlight • Heterotrophs must obtain energy a different way

  18. Producers • Can produce their own energy from sunlight • They are GREEN • How energy enters the ecosystem

  19. Consumers Must consume (eat) other organisms to obtain energy

  20. HerbivoresOnly eat Producers

  21. Carnivoresonly eat other Consumers

  22. Omnivores • Eat both consumers and producers (meat and plants)

  23. Detrivores • Break down organic molecules • Recycle dead plant and animal remains & return it to the food chain • Ex: earthworms Dung beetles

  24. Decomposers • Break down dead organisms causing them to rot

  25. Food Chain • Shows flow of energy as it gets passed from one trophic level to the next Producer1st Order 2nd Order 3rd Order Consumers OR Producer Primary Secondary Tertiary Consumers

  26. Food Chain Example

  27. Food Web • Shows interdependent organisms within an ecosystem • What-eats-what

  28. TrophicLevel A step in the transfer of energy within an ecosystem

  29. Trophic Levels – Energy Pyramid Tertiary Consumer 3rd Order Consumer 2nd Order Consumer Secondary Consumer 1st Order Consumer Primary Consumer Producer

  30. Energy Pyramid Questions • 90% of the energy consumed gets used at each trophic level • Only 10% of the energy gets passed on to the next trophic level • Energy at each trophic level is used in the normal course of living (metabolic processes) • The excess energy not used gets released as heat

  31. Theory of Evolution • Species change over timein response to their environment • Those individuals that are able to adapt to their environment will survive and pass their genes on to the next generation

  32. Natural Selection • Term used to describe the unequal survival and reproduction of organisms that results from the presence or absence of particular inherited traits

  33. Natural Selection • Example: the peppered moth changed from a white moth with black spots

  34. Natural Selection • Example: the peppered moth changed from a white moth with black spots

  35. Natural Selection • To a black moth with white spots

  36. Natural Selection • To a black moth with white spots

  37. Natural SelectionThe Peppered Moth White moth with black spots Black moth with white spots

  38. Natural SelectionThe Peppered Moth White moth with black spots Black moth with white spots

  39. Charles Darwin • Saw birds called finches on the islands • They had adapted to their environment • Had different kinds of beaks and feet • They changed over time in response to the food that was on their island

  40. Adaptation through Nat’l Selection • Galapagos giant tortoises • Also iguanas (lizards)

  41. Natural Selection Sometimes called “Survival of the Fittest”

  42. Relationship between two organisms Means “living together” Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism Competition Predation Commensalism Parasitism Symbiosis

  43. Predation • One eats • One is eaten • Predator – eats • Prey – gets eaten Think -(they BETTER pray) Example: fox and squirrel

  44. Mutualism • Both organisms benefit • Is MUTUALLYBENEFICIAL • Ex: leaf cutter ants & acacia tree

  45. Parasitism • One benefits • One is harmed or weakened • Parasite – benefits • Host – is used as source of nutrients • Ex: ticks on dog tapeworm mistletoe

  46. Commensalism • One benefits • One is neither harmed nor helped • They CO-operate with each other • ex: shark & remora FISH

  47. Competition • Both are competing for the same resource • Could be food, habitat, water, nutrients, sunlight • ex: panda & humans (bamboo), fire ants, Kudzu, plants

  48. Primary Succession • Occurs in places where there were no living things before • Example: on rock after a volcano erupts

  49. Primary Succession • The first plants to inhabit the area are called the pioneer species • Lichens can live on bare rock and help create soil for other plants to live

  50. Primary Succession • Over time annual plants and grasses begin to grow

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