Menstrual

1. Menstrual Cycle Key words Stimulate, Inhibit, Womb, Mature, FSH, LH, Oestrogen, Progesterone

2. Objectives • By the end of the lesson I: • Can explain the role of FSH, LH, and oestrogen in the menstrual cycle • Explain how each of the hormones affect each other • Explain the role of FSH as a fertility drug

3. Match up the key words with definitions Ovulation 2 of 3 Female Sex hormone Menstrual cycle Release of egg cell from ovary Oestrogen Male sex hormone Follicle Fluid filled structure in which the ovum matures in the ovary Progesterone 28 day cycle controlled by hormones where lining of uterus is released. Testosterone

4. hormone memo To: cells From: ovary Start puberty now! Hormones are chemicals that act like messengers. They are secreted by glands and carried in the blood from organ to organ. hormone ovary Cells in different parts of the body recognizethe hormones and respond by making changes.

5. pituitary gland thyroid pancreas adrenal glands ovaries (females) testes (males) Where are the major glands of the body?

6. Sex hormones ovaries (females) testes (males) In males, the testes produce the sex hormone testosterone, which makes male secondary sexual characteristics develop. In females, the ovaries produce the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone. These make female secondary sexual characteristics develop and are involved in fertility and the menstrual cycle.

7. The pituitary gland pituitary gland The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland at the base of the brain.It releases many hormones and controls several other glands in the body. • YOU MUST KNOW • WHERE EACH OF THE FEMALE SEX HORMONES • ARE PRODUCED • WHAT EFFECT THEY HAVE ON EGG PRODUCTION • HOW EACH HORMONE AFFECTS THE PRODUCTION • OF THE OTHERS The pituitary gland produces two hormones involved in fertility: • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • luteinizing hormone (LH).

10. IN SUMMARY

11. Day 15-28:empty follicle turns into corpus luteum (yellow body) immature eggs Day 1-13: egg developing inside the growing follicle Day 14:ovulation – egg released from follicle Inside the ovary

12. period uterus liningthickness days after start of period 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Uterus lining The lining of the uterus becomes thicker with blood vessels and more stable during the menstrual cycle. Why is this important? A fertilized egg will bury itself (implant) in the uterus lining. The egg needs a plentiful supply of oxygen and nutrients to develop.

14. Questions • Using your graph of the menstrual cycle • i) Mark the letter A on the point where ovulation is most likely to take place • ii) Mark the letter B where the female is most fertile • iii) Mark the letter C where menstruation is most likely to occur

16. progesterone memo To: uterus From: corpus luteum Maintain uterus lining. egg fertilized: uterus lining maintained, egg implanted oestrogen memo To: pituitary From: corpus luteum Don’t send FSH. corpus luteum (structure that develops after the ovum is discharged but degenerates if no pregnancy): continues to produce progesterone and oestrogen Pregnancy If the egg is fertilized, the uterus lining must not break down otherwise the fertilized egg will not develop.

19. The role of Hormones in the menstrual cycle FSH released from pituitary gland. Produces follicle on ovary and stimulates egg to mature. If fertilisation occurs the yellow body will secrete progesterone, until placenta is formed and then takes over. If no fertilisation occurs yellow body disappears and progesterone levels decrease. This causes uterus lining to shed and menstruation occurs. Follicle secretes oestrogen. High oestrogen levels makes uterus lining thick and spongy and stops the release of FSH from pituitary Empty follicle (yellow body) secretes progesterone. Progesterone stops further ovulation and prevents shedding of uterus lining. LH released from pituitary. LH triggers ovulation (release of egg cell)

20. Objectives • By the end of the lesson I: • Can explain the role of FSH, LH, and oestrogen in the menstrual cycle • Explain how each of the hormones affect each other • Explain the role of FSH as a fertility drug

21. Control of Fertility Key words Contraception, Fertility treatment

22. Objectives • By the end of the lesson I: • Identify the issues involved in contraception and fertility • Provide a two-sided argument for each of the issues • Describe the role of hormones in oral contraceptives.

23. STARTER • Where is FSH produced? • What effect does the production of oestrogen have on the production of FSH and LH? • What does LH do? 3) LH stimulates the release of the mature egg from the ovary 2) Oestrogen inhibits the production of FSH and stimulates the production of LH 1) Pituitary gland

24. progesterone memo To: pituitary From: contraceptive pill Stop sending FSH. no FSH received: no egg maturing Contraceptive pills contain progesterone and need to be taken every day. How do they work? Contraceptive pills mimic pregnancy, which means that the ovaries do not produce any eggs.

25. Women Men What is infertility? Some couples are unable to conceive naturally. This is called infertility. What might be some of the causes of infertility? ovaries not releasing eggs poor quality sperm blocked fallopian tubes (carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus) blocked or damaged tubes that carry sperm problems with the uterus lining low sperm count hormonal problems hormonal problems

26. How do fertility drugs work? FSH memo To: ovary From: fertility drug Get another egg ready and start making oestrogen. Fertility drugs are used to help women who do not produce an egg every month. There are many different types of fertility drug but they all work by tricking the body into producing more eggs. Some fertility drugs contain FSH. How do these work?

27. What is IVF? Sometimes, women have problems becoming pregnant even after using fertility drugs. When this happens, they can try in vitro fertilization, or IVF. In vitro is Latin for ‘in glass’ so IVF means fertilization that takes place outside of the body and in laboratory glassware. Babies born by IVF are sometimes called ‘test-tube’ babies. However, fertilization doesn’t take place in test-tubes but in a special dish.

29. IVF and multiple births Why does IVF increase the chances of multiple births?

30. Multiple births are more likely with IVF because more than one embryo is implanted into the uterus to increase the chance of a successful pregnancy. Around 20% of IVF births are twins (compared with 1.25% of normal births), and 0.5% are triplets. The number of triplets was much higher 15-20 years agobecause more embryos were implanted at the same time. Multiple births are the biggest risk of IVF for both the mother and babies. They are more likely to result in premature births, miscarriages, and long-term disability and ill health.

31. The cost of IVF IVF is expensive – around £3,000 for the treatment itself, plus extra costs for consultation with doctors, drugs and tests. Freezing embryos for further attempts at IVF also costs extra. Couples may need to try IVF several times (each attempt is called a cycle) before it is successful. About 25% of IVF treatments are funded by the NHS. Women aged between 23 and 39 years can get one free IVF cycle on the NHS.

33. Questions • 2) Women that find it difficult to have children take FSH as part of their fertility treatment. • Explain how FSH can help women to get pregnant. • Explain why it is common for women that have this treatment to have multiple births? • The contraceptive pill is given to women to prevent pregnancy

34. Objectives • By the end of the lesson I: • Identify the issues involved in contraception and fertility • Provide a two-sided argument for each of the issues • Describe the role of hormones in oral contraceptives.