ENGLISH SYNTAX

1. ENGLISH SYNTAX Maisrul Maisrul@yahoo.com www.roelsite.yolasite.com

2. ENGLISH SYNTAX • Linguistics is scientific study of language • Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. • As a system language has two system - System of Sound • - System of Meaning Where is the position of Syntax?

3. FORM, MEANING, FUNCTION LANGUAGE UNITS LANGUAGE SCIENCE INTERDICIPLINARY VIEW SEMANTICS SENTENCE SYNTAX FORM/ LOGICAL MEANING MORPHEME MORPHOLOGY LINGUISTICS FORM PHONEME PHONOLOGY

4. ENGLISH SYNTAXLinguistic Unit and the Sentence • Syntactic descriptions have traditionally taken the sentence as their starting point and the smaller units being primarily regarded as ‘building-blocks’ of sentences. • Sentence consits of string of words, in sequence, and • meaningful. • Sentences are interpreted not as strings of individual words • but as sequence of groups of words and between them exist • certain relations calledsentence structure • e.g word order. • * He wanted to marry Jane. * He wanted jane to marry.

5. ENGLISH SYNTAXConstituents • The parts into which a sentence can be segmented are the constituents of the sentence. • Immediate Constituents (IC) refers to those constituents which together form a higher-order constituent. • Jane wants a cake a and cake are the IC’s of a cake wants and a cake are the I.C’s of wants a cake Jane and wants a cake are the IC of the sentence

6. ENGLISH SYNTAXRankscale and Rankshift • Rankscale is the hierarchy of units of linguistic description in which morphemes function as constituents of words, words function as constituent of phrases, and phrases as constituent of sentences. We’ve made some minor corrections Sentence some minor corrections Phrase Corrections Word Correct-ion-s Morpheme

7. ENGLISH SYNTAXRankscale and Rankshift • Rankshift : unit of given rank functions as a constituent of a unit of the same rank or even lower down the rankscale, e.g. Sentences function as constituent of other sentences, phrase to other phrases, word to other words, etc. I know Peter is in the army setentence At the corner of the street phrase Treetop - gorldsmith - Blackbird word

8. ENGLISH SYNTAXFunctions and Categories • There is a distinction between linguistic units as constituents of larger structures and as linguistics objects in their own right; i.e Function and Category. • Function refers to a linguistic unit viewed as an element that plays its role in a larger linguistic structure. • Category refers to a linguistic unit viewed as something that has individual charateristics which it shares with other units of the same kind

9. ENGLISH SYNTAXFunctions and Categories The unit ofJohnanda walk viewed individually are Noun; so they belong to the same category or word class John took a walk The unit ofJohnanda walk viewed as constituents of the sentence, both John and a walkbelong to different function. John function as Subject and a walk function asObject

10. ENGLISH SYNTAX Morpheme

11. Morpheme • The minimal unit of gramatical description in the sense that it cannot be segmented any further at the grammatical level of analysis . • There are two kinds of Morpheme; Free and bound . • Free Morpheme can be used independently, whereas Bound Morpheme can not.

12. Morpheme Unfriendly • Un bound • Friend free • Ly bound root friend base (of unfriendly) friendly

13. Morpheme • Root of a word is that part which remains when all the affixes have been removed. • A Base is any form to which an affix can be added, but not every base is a root. Impression Impress base Press root

14. Morpheme • Allomorphs is the variants within a morpheme. Plural morpheme hat-/s/,dog-/z/, bus-/iz/, deer-/o / • /s/, /z/, /iz/, /o/ allomorph • /o / Zero allomorph

15. The plural The plural morpheme {S1} is regularly realized in three ways: /s/ : after basis ending in voiceless sounds except sibilants, eg: books, roofs, lips, hats, /z/ : after bases ending in voiced sounds except sibilants, eg: trees, bars, laws, zoos, days, boys, ribs, beds, dogs, flames, pens, bootless /iz/ : after bases ending in a sibilant: /s/ : horses, nurses, kisses /z/ : noises, seizes, noses /ʃ/ : brushes, dishes, clashes /t / : churches, torches, witches /dз/ : pledges, bridges, languages

16. The genitive In the singular the genitive morpheme {S2} is regularly realized in three ways: /s/ :after bases ending in voiceless sounds except sibilants, eg: Dick -Dick’s car Ship -the ship’s crew Dentist -the dentist’s drill Wife -his wife’s lover /z/ :after bases ending in voiced sounds except sibilants, eg: Fred -Fred’s salary Play -the play’s title Brother -my brother’s cottage Firm -the firm’s losses /iz/ :after bases ending in a sibilant, eg: Horse -horse’s tail Keats -Keats’s poetry George -George’s children

17. ENGLISH SYNTAX Five Signal of Syntactic Structure

18. Five Signal of Syntactic Structure • Word order Position of words relative to each other • Prosody Combinations of Pattern of pitch, stress, and juncture. • Function words Words with little or no lexical meaning which are used in combining other words into larger structures.

19. Five Signal of Syntactic Structure • Inflections Suffixes, always final, which adapt words to fit varying structural positions without changing their lexical meaning or part of speech. • Derivational Contrast Derivational prefixes and suffixes which change words from one part of speech to another.

20. Eight Main Groups of Function Words • Noun Determiners the, a/an, my, her, their…,that/this one, two…,some, all, many, few, other, more…… • Auxiliaries can, may, could, will, would, shall, should, need, do, be, have, be going to….

21. Eight Main Groups of Function Words • Qualifiers Very, quite, rather, a little, so, more, most, less, enough, too, … • Preposition - simple: after, around, before, … - Compound: back of, due to, together with.. - Phrasal: by means of, in front of, on account of,…

22. Eight Main Groups of Function Words • Coordinators and, not, but, nor, rather than, either, … • Interrogators - simple: when, where, how, why - Interrogative Pronoun: who, what, which, whoever, whatever

23. Eight Main Groups of Function Words • Includers - Simple: after, although, how, since,… - Relative Pronoun: who, which, that, when, etc • Sentence-linkers - Simple: consequently, furthermore, hence - Phrasal: at least, in addition, in fact, etc

24. ENGLISH SYNTAX FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE

25. FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTICSTRUCTURE • Structures of Modification • Consist of two immediate constituents a head and a modifier. Hungrypeople M H Hometown M H Easilysuperior M H

26. FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTICSTRUCTURE • Structures of Predication • Consist of two immediate constituents a subject and a predicate. The sun sets in the west The snow was cold

27. FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTICSTRUCTURE • Structures of Complementation • Consist of two immediate constituents a verbal elements and a complement we are learning grammar He gives a lesson He caught and ate the fish

28. FOUR TYPES OF SYNTACTICSTRUCTURE • Structures of Coordination • Consist of two or more immediate constituents which are equavalent units joined in a structure which function as a single unit. He bought his friend a doctor and a gentlemen

29. THANK YOU