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WORD FORMATION

WORD FORMATION. New words are formed in three main ways in English, they are: Affixation Compounding Conversion. AFFIXATION. I. PREFIX

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WORD FORMATION

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  1. WORD FORMATION New words are formed in three main ways in English, they are: Affixation Compounding Conversion

  2. AFFIXATION • I. PREFIX • Characteristics: Generally they do not alter the word class of the base.The arenormally written together with the base as a single word.Main stress falls normally on the base.They can be grouped according to their meaning. • 1. Negative Prefixes • un- : unfair, unadorned, unfortunately • non- : non-conformist, non-existent, non-verb • in- : invisible • il : illogical • im : impossible • ir : irresponsible, irregular • dis : disloyal, disobey, dislike, disagree • a (n) : amoral, atheist • 2. Reversible Prefixes • un- : undo, undress, unhorse • de- : defrost, depoliticize • dis- : discouraging, disheartened

  3. 3. Pejorative Prefixes • mis- : mishear, misconduct, misunderstanding • mal- : malfunction, maltreat, malpractice • pseudo- : pseudo-scientific, pseudo-classicism • 4. Prefixes of degree and size • arch- : archduke, archenemy • super- : supermarket, superman • out- : outlive, outdo, outrun, outstanding • sur- : surchange, surplus • over- : overdo, overall • under- : undertook, underpressure • hyper- : hyperactive, hypersensitive • 5. Prefixes of attitude • co- : cooperative, cooperation, coordination • counter- : counter-attack • anti/pro- : anti-democracy, pro-democarcy, anti-climaxs

  4. 6. Locative Prefixes • sub- : subway, subconcious, subdivide • inter- : international, interplay • trans- : transplant, transmusi • 7. Prefixes of time and order • fore- : foretell, foreman, forewarn • pre/post- : pre-historial, post-historial • ex- : ex-minister, ex-wife • re- : rebuild, relocation • 8. Number Prefixes • uni/mono- : unilateral, monosyllable, monochrome • bi/di- : bifocal, bilingual, dichotomy • multi- : multiculture, multiracial • 9. Conversion Prefixes • be- : bewitch, befriend • en/em- : endanger, empower • a- : afloat

  5. II. SUFFIX • Characteristics: They normally alter the word type of the base.Suffixes rarely have a distinct meaning on their own.The change the word into which they are included into another part of speech.The can be classified according to the speech part they form, or according to the type of base the are added to. • 1. Noun Suffixes • a. Occupational • -eer : engineer • -ster : gangster, gamester • -er : banker, runner • b. Diminutive and Feminine • -let : booklet, piglet • -ette : cigarette, kitchenette • -ess : hostess, stewardess • c. Status, Domain (abstract) • -hood : brotherhood, likelihood • -ship : friendship, championship • -dom : freedom

  6. d. Quantity • -ful : handful, spoonful, helpful • -ship : friendship, championship • -dom : freedom • 2. Noun/Adjective Suffixes • -ese : Japanese • -ist : novelist, typist, pianist • -ism : communism, imperalism • 3. De-verbal Suffixes • -ant : applicant, occupant • -ion/-ation : operation, exploration • -ment : arrangement, argument, amusement • -al : approval, refusal • -ing : swimming, living • -age : package, shortage, heritage

  7. 4. De-adjectival Suffixes • -ness : goodness, happiness, selfishness • -able/-al/-ity : readable, sentimental, sentimentality • 5. Verb Suffixes • -ify : identify • -ize : memorize, organize, scandalize • -en : shorten, sadden, blacken • 6. Adjective Suffixes • -able : readable, drinkable • -ful : beautiful, pletiful • -en : wooden, leaden • -ic : Germanic, specific • -ish : foolish, snobbish • -less : helpless, hopeless • 7. Adverb Suffixes • -ly : happily, freely, instantly • -wards : onwards, eastwards • -wise : clockwise

  8. COMPOUNDING Definition : Two or more word joined together to form a new word, separately or with a hypen. For example: - Home + Work : homework - Pick + Pocket : pickpocket - Fast + Food : fast-food - Baby + Sitter : baby-sitter NOTE: The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its part. e.x: - Coconut oil : oil made from coconut - Baby oil : an oil for babies, NOT oil made from babies

  9. CONVERSION Definition: Conversion is derivational process whereby an item changes its word-class Verb to Noun verb will be noun by adding: - er behind it with the meaning THE DOER OF THE VERB - the before its past participle form with the meaning THE VICTIM OF THE VERB e.x: The kicked kicks kicker with a kick Noun to Verb Noun will be verb with the meaning GIVE THE NOUN e.x: I’ll flower this table My sister always waters all of flowers in the garden

  10. 3. Noun to Adjective Noun becomes adjective by adding suffix –en, as follow: Wood - Wooden Gold - Golden e.x: SitiNurhalizah has golden voice These two areas are connected by a wooden bridge Adjective to Noun Adjective becomes noun by using THE before it and it is singular in form but stands for plural e.x: The tall are easy to steal mangoes The poor mustn’t be avoided Adjective to Verb Adjective becomes verb by adding –ing, –ed, or nothing with the meaning TO MAKE ADJECTIVE e.x: The background must be blacked The driver is slowing the car’s speed Open the door, please!

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