Text Mining: Finding Nuggets in Mountains of Textual Data

1. Text Mining: Finding Nuggets in Mountains of Textual Data Jochen Dijrre, Peter Gerstl, Roland Seiffert Presented by Ebrahim Kobeissi Text in this color are my additions/modifications

2. Outline • Motivation • Methodology • Feature Extraction • Clustering and Categorizing • Some Applications • Comparison with Data Mining • Conclusion & Exam Questions

3. Motivation • A large portion of a company’s data is unstructured or semi-structured • Letters • Emails • Phone transcripts • Contracts • Technical documents • Patents • Web pages • Articles

4. Definition • Text Mining: • the discovery by computer of new, previously unknown information, by automatically extracting information from different written resources

5. Typical Applications • Summarizing documents • Discovering/monitoring relations among people, places, organizations, etc • Customer profile analysis • Trend analysis • Documents summarization • Spam Identification • Public health early warning • Event tracks

6. Outline • Motivation • Methodology • Comparison with Data Mining • Feature Extraction • Clustering and Categorizing • Some Applications • Conclusion & Exam Questions

7. Methodology: Challenges • Information is in unstructured textual form • Natural language interpretation is difficult & complex task! (not fully possible) • Watson is a step closer • Text mining deals with huge collections of documents • Impossible for human examination

8. Methodology: Two Aspects • Knowledge Discovery • Extraction of codified information • Feature Extraction • Mining proper; determining some structure • Information Distillation • Analysis of feature distribution

9. Two Text Mining Approaches • Extraction • Extraction of codified information from single document • Analysis • Analysis of the features to detect patterns, trends, etc, over whole collections of documents

10. Outline • Motivation • Methodology • Feature Extraction • Clustering and Categorizing • Some Applications • Comparison with Data Mining • Conclusion & Exam Questions

11. IBM Intelligent Miner for Text • IBM introduced Intelligent Miner for Text in 1998 • SDK with: Feature extraction, clustering, categorization, and more • Not a drop in application • Traditional components (search engine, etc) • The rest of the paper describes text mining methodology of Intelligent Miner.

12. Feature Extraction • Recognize and classify “significant” vocabulary items from the text • Categories of vocabulary • Proper names – Mrs. Albright or Dheli[sic], India • Multiword terms – Joint venture, online document • Abbreviations – CPU, CEO • Relations – Jack Smith-age-42 • Other useful things: numerical forms of numbers, percentages, money, etc

13. Canonical Form Examples • Normalize numbers, money • Four = 4, five-hundred dollar = $500 • Conversion of date to normal form • Morphological variants • Drive, drove, driven = drive • Proper names and other forms • Mr. Johnson, Bob Johnson, The author = Bob Johnson

14. Feature Extraction Approach • Linguistically motivated heuristics • Pattern matching • Limited lexical information (part-of-speech) • Avoid analyzing with too much depth • Does not use too much lexical information • No in-depth syntactic or semantic analysis

15. Advantages to IBM’s approach • Processing is very fast (helps when dealing with huge amounts of data) • Heuristics work reasonably well • Generally applicable to any domain

16. Outline • Motivation • Methodology • Comparison with Data Mining • Feature Extraction • Clustering and Categorizing • Some Applications • Conclusion & Exam Questions

17. Clustering • Fully automatic process • Documents are grouped according to similarity of their feature vectors • Each cluster is labeled by a listing of the common terms/keywords • Good for getting an overview of a document collection

18. Two Clustering Engines • Hierarchical clustering • Orders the clusters into a tree reflecting various levels of similarity • Binary relational clustering • Flat clustering • Relationships of different strengths between clusters, reflecting similarity

19. Clustering Model

20. Categorization • Assigns documents to preexisting categories • Classes of documents are defined by providing a set of sample documents. • Training phase produces “categorization schema” • Documents can be assigned to more than one category • If confidence is low, document is set aside for human intervention

21. Categorization Model

22. Outline • Motivation • Methodology • Feature Extraction • Clustering and Categorizing • Some Applications • Comparison with Data Mining • Conclusion & Exam Questions

23. Applications • Customer Relationship Management application provided by IBM Intelligent Miner for Text called “Customer Relationship Intelligence” • “Help companies better understand what their customers want and what they think about the company itself”

24. Customer Intelligence Process • Take as input body of communications with customer • Cluster the documents to identify issues • Characterize the clusters to identify the conditions for problems • Assign new messages to appropriate clusters

25. Customer Intelligence Usage • Knowledge Discovery • Clustering used to create a structure that can be interpreted • Information Distillation • Refinement and extension of clustering results • Interpreting the results • Tuning of the clustering process • Selecting meaningful clusters

26. Outline • Motivation • Methodology • Feature Extraction • Clustering and Categorizing • Some Applications • Comparison with Data Mining • Conclusion & Exam Questions

27. Comparison with Data Mining • Text mining • Discover hidden facts. • tries to understand the details, cross reference between individual instances • biosciences, customer profile analysis • Data mining • Discover hidden models. • tries to generalize all of the data into a single model. • marketing, medicine, health care

28. Conclusion • This paper introduced text mining and how it differs from data mining proper. • Focused on the tasks of feature extraction and clustering/categorization • Presented an overview of the tools/methods of IBM’s Intelligent Miner for Text

29. Exam Question #1 • What are the two aspects of Text Mining? • Knowledge Discovery: Discovering a common customer complaint in a large collection of documents containing customer feedback. • Information Distillation: Filtering future comments into pre-defined categories

30. Exam Question #2 • How does the procedure for text mining differ from the procedure for data mining? • Adds feature extraction phase • Infeasible for humans to select features manually • The feature vectors are, in general, highly dimensional and sparse

31. Exam Question #3 • In the Nominator program of IBM’s Intelligent Miner for Text, an objective of the design is to enable rapid extraction of names from large amounts of text. How does this decision affect the ability of the program to interpret the semantics of text? • Does not perform in-depth syntactic or semantic analysis of the text; the results are fast but only heuristic with regards to actual semantics of the text.

32. Questions?