1600-1700 Review

1. 1600-1700 Review Zack Funk Harrison Holtslander Kristina Liskiewicz ArianaMiraglia

2. Important General Terms and Concepts

3. Women • Women were seen as homemakers, caretakers, and an influential religious instructor for children in Protestant homes. • Acceptable jobs outside the home • Nun • Artist • Writers (first was AphraBehn) • There were several prominent women in government • Christina of Sweden • Queen Mary II • Anne of Austria

4. Terms • Absolutism: The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters. • “Divine Right” of Kings • Rulers ordained by God • Sin to oppose

5. Types of Nobility • Nobility of the Robe: Most often members of aristocratic families who had curried the favor of the Ruler and were given honorary titles and privileges. HIGHLY depended upon the Sovereign. • Nobility of the Sword: Individuals who either had ancestors who played a key role in military of feudal affairs or currently hold positions of vital importance. EARNED privileges. DO NOT typically favor monarchs.

6. Politique • Key difference between absolute rulers of the 17th century and totalitarian rulers of the 20th century • Total participation was not necessary; rulers would be satisfied if subjects simply obeyed the laws and did not oppose them.

7. Serfdom • Serfs • Peasants tethered to the land • Duty to the feudal lord • Agricultural laborers • Corvee • Public service works performed by a feudal lord’s serfs with the aim of receiving tax exemptions

8. Constitutionalism • Government must abide by predetermined and concrete rules • Power is usually divided amongst several bodies • System adopted by England, Poland-Lithuania, and the Dutch Republic in the latter half of the century

9. Liberum Veto • Flaw in the Polish-Lithuanian constitutiton • Required unanimous decisions in order to pass any act of legislation • Led to a highly ineffective government

10. ECONOMY AND COLONIALISM TERMS • Mercantilism • Overseas colonies were founded to provide raw materials, labor, and economic gain for the European mother countries • Bullionism • A nation’s wealth is measured by the amount of precious metals it possessed • Price Revolution • A dramatic rise in the price of commodities in the late 16th and early 17th centuries • Due to the influx of precious metals from the New World (inflation) • Caused economic collapse in Spain

11. Important Empires of the Century • French Empire • British Empire • Habsburg Empire (Austrian Empire) • Ottoman Empire • Poland-Lithuania • Prussia-Brandenburg • Tsarist Russia

12. France

13. Rulers of France • Henry IV (1589-1610) • Ended French Wars of Religion by signing the Edict of Nantes • Moved France toward Absolutism • Louis XIII (1610-1643) • Cardinal Richelieu • Appointed to be Louis’ chief minister • Established the Intendant system, which strengthened royal power

14. Rulers of France • Louis XIV “the Sun King” (1643-1715) • Made France the model of Absolutism • Issued the Edict of Fontainebleau • Cardinal Mazarin • Prime Minister when Louis was young

15. England

16. England • House of Commons • Lower house of Parliament • House of Lords • Upper house of Parliament • Stuart line of Kings • Believed their authority came from God • Wanted a monarchy with no Parliament • James I (1603-1625) • Asserted the divine right of kings

17. Charles I (1625-1649) • Ship money • Petition of Right, 1628 • Long Parliament (1640-1660) • English Civil War (1642-1649) • The Cavaliers • The Roundheads • New Model Army • Pride’s Purge

18. Charles II (1660-1685) • Cavalier Parliament (1660-1679) • Tory and Whig parties • Declaration of Indulgence, 1672 • Test Act of 1672 • The Commonwealth (1649-1653) • Oliver Cromwell • Destroyed the monarchy and the House of Lords • Levellers • Quakers

19. The Stuart Restoration • James II (1685-1688) • The Glorious Revolution • William and Mary invited to take the throne • Bill of Rights (1689) • Placed limits on power of English monarchy • Toleration Act of 1689 • Gave Puritan Dissenters the right to free public worship

20. Prussia

21. Lesser Prussian Rulers • Albert Frederick (1568- 1618) • John Sigismund (1618-1619) • George William (1619-1640)

22. Prussian Rulers • Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) • Hohenzollern ruler who rebuilt Prussia after the Thirty Years’ War • Frederick I (1688-1713) • Reigned as Elector of Brandenburg from 1688-1701 • Crowned the first King of Prussia in 1701 (remained so until his death in 1713) • Made Prussia a kingdom

23. Terms Terms • “Sparta of the North” • Prussia • Hohenzollerns • Ruling family in Prussia beginning in the 16th century • Junkers • Nobility which the rulers heavily relied upon

24. Habsburg Empire

25. Habsburg Rulers • Rudolf II1576–1612 • Proponent of the Counter Reformation • Pro- Catholic • Overthrown by his brother Matthias in 1612 • Matthias1612–1619 • Sought compromise between the Catholic and Protestant factions

26. Habsburg Rulers • Ferdinand II 1619–1637 • Supporter of Catholics in the Thirty Years’ War • Ferdinand III 1637–1657 • Signed Peace of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648

27. Habsburg Rulers • Leopold I- Austria- • 1655 – 1705 • Known for conflict with the Ottomans • As seen in the Siege of Vienna (1683) • Rival of Louis XIV (his cousin)

28. Habsburg Rulers • Joseph I- Successor to Austrian Throne (after Leopold I) • 1690 – 1711 • Continued war of Spanish Succession • Attempted to place Charles VI in power in the Spanish Throne

29. Ottoman Ruler • Mehmed IV • 1648–1687 • The Hunter • Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa • Mastermind of the Siege of Vienna (1683) • Defeated by Polish and its Holy League allies • Executed for his failure • Head presented to Mehmed IV

30. Russia

31. Terms • Muscovy • A medieval principality in west central Russia that was centered around Moscow and formed the nucleus of modern Russia. • Boyars • A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.

32. Terms • Romanov Dynasty • “Russian ruling dynasty (1613-1917) that began with the accession of Czar Michael (1596-1645; ruled 1613-1645) and ended with the abdication of Nicholas II during the Russian Revolution.” (Dictionary.com)

33. Terms • Old Believers” • A group of Russian Orthodox members who separated from the church after the reforms of 1666. • Led by Patriarch Nikon

34. Terms • Peter the Great (1689-1725) • Was determined to westernize Russia after traveling west in 1697-1698 • Formed the first Russian navy • Built St. Petersburg

35. Conflicts • Thirty Years’ War • a major conflict involving principally Austria, Denmark, France, Holland, the German states, Spain, and Sweden, that devastated central Europe, esp large areas of Germany (1618-48). • Catholics vs. Protestants • Ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

36. Conflicts • Treaty of Pyreness, 1659 • Ended fighting between France and Spain that continued after the Thirty Years’ War • Marked the end of Spain’s status as a major European power

37. Conflicts • League of Augsburg (Spain, the HRE, the United Provinces, Sweden, and England) formed against France’s annexation of Alsace and Lorraine • War of the League of Augsburg (1689-1697) • brought economic depression and famine to France • Treaty of Ryswick ended the war • Louis lost most of his conquests

38. Conflicts • Siege of Vienna, 1683 • a Turkish army invaded Vienna • Austrian, Polish, and German forces repelled them, marking the beginning of a decline in Ottoman power

39. Religious Philosophies • Arminianism-Based on the teachings of Dutch theologian Jacob Arminius-Contrasts Calvinism with their views on the sovereignty of God and predestination-Opposition to some of the teachings of the Belgic Confession were formalized into five articles of Remonstrance published by Arminius followers in 1610 • Calvinism-associated with the Reformer John Calvin-Emphasizes the rule of God over all things as reflected in its understanding of Scripture, God, humanity, salvation, and the church.-Often refers to the Five Points of Calvinistic doctrine regarding salvation, which make up the acrostic TULIP

40. Religious Philosophies • Protestantism-Movement within Christianity, representing a split from the Roman Catholic Church, which occurred during the 16th century in Europe in what is called the Protestant Reformation.-Represents a diverse range of theological and social perspectives, denominations and related organizations.-Considered one of the three major branches of Christianity • Catholicism-The Roman Catholic Church encountered division in Protestant Reformation, led initially by Martin Luther, although Luther's intention was not to create a new Christianity but to internally reform the teachings of the church.-excommunicated the "reformers" which gave rise to Protestantism with its numerous denominations, many of which developed distinctive theological perspectives.

41. Religious Philosophies cont. Roman Catholicism contains a number of doctrines which Protestants view as unbiblical, such as the doctrine of Transubstantiation, the veneration and intercession of deceased saints, prayers for the dead, purgatory, the immaculate conception and bodily assumption of Mary, and papal infallibility. • Jansenism- a Christian theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination.-Originated from work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen-Jansenism was opposed by many in the Catholic hierarchy, especially the Jesuits

42. Philosophers and Enlightened Religious Thinkers

43. Philosophers and Enlightened Thinkers Galileo:-The Heliocentric Theory (Sun was the center of universe) was widely disapproved by Catholics Galileo stood trial for heresy in 1633 after he published his book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World System, which discussed the theory. Isaac Newton: -PhilosophaeNaturalis Principia Mathematicadescribes universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. -Other works include the principles of conservation related to momentum and angular momentum, the refraction of light, an empirical law of cooling, the building of the first practical telescope.

44. Philosophers and Enlightened Thinkers Vesalius: -Founder of Modern Anatomy - De HumaniCommisFabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body) is one of the most important works about human anatomy. William Harvey:-His works include An Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals (blood circulation) and Essays on the Generation of Animals (embryology) - Famous for correctly explained the process of blood circulation in our bodies and the role of heart

45. Philosophers and Enlightened Thinkers Anton van Leeuwenhoek - “The Father of Microbiology” and one of the first microscopists in history -Discovered protozoa and created the first-ever description of red blood cell. John Harrison -English clockmaker and carpenter -Invented the marine chronometer in order to establish a position of a ship at sea

46. Philosophers and Enlightened Thinkers John Locke -Most noted works are “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding”, “Two Treatises of Government”, and “A Letter Concerning Toleration”. -Shaped both the American Constitution and the French Revolution and laid the groundwork for liberal political thought. Pierre Bayles -a French philosopher and writer best known for his seminal work Historical and Critical Dictionary-Advocated a separation between the spheres of faith and reason and the principle of the toleration of divergent beliefs

47. Philosophers and Enlightened Thinkers Baron de Montesquieu-Famous for his theory of “seperation of powers” in government. -His work Spirit of The Laws placed an emphasis on environmental influences being material conditions for life. Jean-Jacques Rousseau-An advocate for the “general will” of the people -His beliefs majorly influenced the French Revolution- Discourse on the Origin of Inequality and On the Social Contract impacted modern political and social thought.

48. Philosophers and Enlightened Thinkers Voltaire -Advocated freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.-Criticized and attacked the Catholic Church Denis Diderot -best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor of, and contributor to the Encyclopédie. -His novel, Jacques the Fatalist and his Master examined the idea of free will.

49. Philosophers and Enlightened Thinkers Cesare de Beccaria -Best known for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments, which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology. François Quesnay -His Economic Table provided the foundations of the ideas of the Physiocrats -First work to attempt to describe the workings of the economy in an analytical way

50. Philosophers and Enlightened Thinkers Adam Smith -Father of Modern Economics -Best known for Wealth of Nations (free economy)and The Theory of Moral Sentiments (discusses morality) -Neoclassical economists believe in his “invisible hand” theory Madame de Geoffrin -Leading female figure in the French Enlightenment -Her actions as a Parisian salonnière exemplify many of the most important characteristics of Enlightenment sociability.