Absolutism in Europe 1600-1700

1. Absolutism in Europe 1600-1700

2. Cardinal Richelieu 1585-1642 Minister to Louis XIII and his mother Marie de Medici Sought to strengthen royal control of France Established a spy network to seek out plots by France’s nobility to overthrow the king Executed enemies of the king without trial Effectively destroyed the power of the Huguenots, the Protestant minority of France Louis XIII died shortly after Richelieu, giving way to Cardinal Mazarine France

3. Cardinal Mazarine (1602-1661) was Richelieu’s chosen successor Mazarine was the regent for Louis XIV from 1638-1661 The Fronde 1648-1652 A rebellion of peasants and nobles against the formation of a strong monarchy. Louis XIV 1638-1715

4. Louis ascended the throne at age 23 Created a strict schedule for all daily events of court and seldom deviated from his routine Came to embody the ideals of an absolute monarch Built the massive palace complex of Versailles, and required all nobles to live near and attend court daily Chose his ministers from new noble families, and encouraged rivalries for his favor among other nobles Sun King

5. Issued the Edict of Fontainebleau to break Huguenot power Appointed Jean-Baptiste Colbert as finance minister Created an army of 400,000 troops Engaged in 4 major wars Policies of Louis XIV

6. In the years following the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, Spain began a slow process of decline. Prussia began to develop its noble class know as the Junkers. One of the leading Junker family was the Hohenzollern family. Prussia’s military also began to increase in size. Spain and Prussia

7. Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584) became the first czar of Russia by crushing the Russian nobility. 1613 Romanov Dynasty founded Peter the Great (1689-1725) Russia

8. Began his reign typical of Russia’s nobility. 1697-1698 toured western Europe and returned to Russia determined to enact social, economic, political, and military reforms Forced western European social standards for Russia’s nobles, and ended the seclusion of Russian women Waged a war with Sweeden from 1700-1721 to establish a port on the Baltic Sea. St. Petersburg founded 1703. Gained the provinces of Estonia, Korelia, and Livonia Peter the Great

9. Austria • Composed of 5 major regions, added parts of Hungary and Bohemia • 1683 An Austrian led army defeated the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Vienna, virtually ending the Islamic threat to western Europe by 1687. • Austria never formed a strong centralized monarchy.

10. 1603 Queen Elizabeth died Stuart dynasty began with the reign of James I, originally from Scotland James had a poor relationship with Parliament and a group of reformers in the Church of England known as the Puritans England

11. Charles I (1625-1649) and Parliament agreed on even fewer ideals than that of his father James I. Parliament passed sweeping social reforms that Charles refused to acknowledge. Charles began to rule without the consent of Parliament Puritans began to leave England for America War broke out between the king and Parliament in 1642 Civil War

12. Parliament was led by Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army Charles was defeated and executed on Jan. 30, 1649. Cromwell abolished the monarchy and ruled as dictator of an English republic. 1658 Stuart Restoration brought back the monarchy after Cromwell’s death under Charles II 1658-1685 Oliver Cromwell

13. James II (1633-1701) was a devout Catholic, but had 2 Protestant daughters Mary and Anne. James’ second wife gave birth to a son Parliament made contact with Mary about becoming queen. She agreed so long as her husband William of Orange could also be king. Parliament agreed. The Glorious Revolution resulted in the overthrow of James II and the reign of William and Mary in a nearly bloodless revolution. English Bill of Rights gave most of the power in England to Parliament. Glorious Revolution 1688