Optics and Photonics , Essential Technologies for the Nation

1. Optics and Photonics,Essential Technologies for the Nation By The Harnessing Light 2 NAS Study Committee

2. Presentation for AAAS meeting February 14,2014 • On the 75th anniversary of the St Valentine’s Day massacre at 2122 North Clark • Duncan T Moore Vice Provost for Entrepreneurship Professor of Optical Engineering University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 duncan.moore@rochester.edu

3. Harnessing Light 2 Statement of Task 1. Review updates in the state of the science that have taken place since publication of Harnessing Light 2. Identify the technological opportunities that have arisen from recent advances in, and potential applications of, optical science and engineering; 3. Assess the current state of optical science and engineering in the United States and abroad, including trends in private and public research, market needs, examples of translating progress in photonics innovation into competitiveness advantage (including activities by small businesses), workforce needs, manufacturing infrastructure, and the impact of photonics on the national economy; 4. Prioritize a set of research grand-challenge questions to fill identified technological gaps in pursuit of national needs and national competitiveness 5. Recommend actions for the development and maintenance of global leadership in the photonics driven industry --including both near-term and long-range goals, likely participants, and responsible agents of change.

4. THANK YOU to O&P Sponsors • AFOSR • Army Research Office (ARO) • Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)(DSO and MTO) • Department of Energy (DOE) (BES and EERE) • National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) • National Science Foundation (NSF) • OSA • SPIE 4

5. Motivation for Study • The science and engineering of light has enabled dramatic technical advances. • Globalization of manufacturing and innovation has accelerated. • Optics and photonics have become established as enabling technologies for a multitude of industries that are vital to our nation’s future. • Fact: roughly 12 of the 50 best inventions of 2011 listed by Time Magazine had optics as a key technological part of the invention.

6. Vignettes of Ubiquitous Impact 3. Direct sales of photonics equipment leverages a sizable fraction of the U.S. economy. (Baer & Schlachter)

7. Harnessing Light 2 Study Leadership • Co-chairs • Dr. Alan Willner • Steven and Kathryn Sample Chaired Professor of Engineering in the • Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering of the • Viterbi School of Engineering at the University of Southern California • Dr. Paul McManamon • Owner, Exciting Technology LLC • Tech Director, LOCI, University of Dayton • National Academy Staff Lead • Dr. Eric Svedberg • National Materials and Manufacturing Board

8. Harnessing Light 2 Committee • Dr. Rod Alferness [NAE] • Retired Chief Scientist at Bell Laboratories, Alcatel-Lucent • Now Dean at UC Santa Barbara • Dr. Thomas Baer • Executive Director of the Stanford Photonics Research Center • Dr. Joe Buck • Vice President of Program Development at Boulder Nonlinear Systems, Inc.  • Dr. Waguih Ishak • Division Vice President & Director for Corning West Technology Center, Corning Incorporated • Dr. David Miller [NAS/NAE] • W. M. Keck Professor of Electrical Engineering, a Professor by Courtesy of Applied Physics • Co-Director of the Stanford Photonics Research Center Dr. Duncan T. Moore [NAE] • Rudolf and Hilda Kingslake Professor of Optical Engineering • Professor of Biomedical Engineering • Professor of Business at the University of Rochester. • Dr. David Mowery • William A. and Betty H. Hasler Professor of New Enterprise Development at the Walter A. Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley • Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research

9. Harnessing Light 2 Committee • Dr. Charles Falco • Chair of Condensed Matter Physics, Professor of Optical Sciences, and Professor of Physics at University of Arizona • Dr. N. Darius Sankey • Managing Director at Zone Ventures, a seed to early stage venture capital firm • Dr. Milton Chang • Managing Director, Incubic Management LLC • Dr. Erica Fuchs • Assistant Professor of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University • Dr. Connie Chang-Hasnain • John R. Whinnery Chair Professor for the Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Department, University of California, Berkeley • Dr. Prem Kumar • AT&T Professor of Information Technology for the EECS Department at Northwestern University • Mr. Edward White • President of Edward White Consulting, LLC

10. Study Outline

11. Grand Challenges • How can the U.S. optics and photonics community invent technologies for the next factor of 100 cost-effective capacity increases in our optical networks? • The internet bandwidth has grown a factor of 100 every decade so far

12. Grand Challenges • How can U.S. energy stakeholders achieve cost parity across the country’s electrical grid for solar power versus new fossil fuel powered electric plants by the year 2020? • Cost parity, with out subsidies, is essential for significant grown in solar energy • The United States should play a significant role

13. Grand Challenges • How can the U.S. military develop the required optical technologies to support platforms capable of wide area surveillance, exquisite object identification, high-bandwidth free-space communication, laser strike, and defense against missiles? • There is synergy between the technologies to accomplish these functions • Progress has been made on individual functions

14. Grand Challenges • How can the U.S. optics and photonics community develop a seamless integration of photonics and electronics components, as a mainstream platform for low cost fabrication and packaging of systems on a chip for communications, sensing, medical, energy and defense applications? • The next generation after integrated circuits is integrated opto-electronics • Data centers especially need this integration • Continued internet growth, and continued military superiority, require this integration

15. Grand Challenges • How can the U.S. optics and photonics community develop optical sources and imaging tools, to support an order of magnitude or more of increased resolution in manufacturing? • IC manufacturing and inspection are moving to EUV. The US should lead the movement to even shorter wavelengths • Additive manufacturing will have smaller voxels when resolution is finer, possibly even enabling manufacture of optical components.

16. Key Recommendations

17. Challenges • The technical field of optics and photonics is extremely broad. • The field impacts many different markets, but is not always highlighted in available data. • Many other countries have invested heavily in R&D and manufacturing. • It was challenging to gather data specific on optics and photonics in terms of workforce and economic impact.

18. Nat’l Photonics Initiative: Form a Collective Voice Data collection for strategic planning (workforce, expenditures, funding) Industrial R&D consortia based on application areas “Partner” between industry, government and academia Coordinate government funding and initiatives Form a collective voice to educate public & private entities

19. National Photonics Initiative (I) • Photonics is experiencing rapid technical progress and expanding applications that span a growing range of technologies, markets, and industries. The sheer breadth has impeded the formulation by both government and industry of coherent strategies. • In light of pressures to limit federal R&D spending, the committee believes that a coordinated initiative is especially important. • The committee assesses as deplorable the state of data collection and analysis of photonics R&D spending, employment, and sales. • To help inform strategic planning, NPI should spearhead a collaborative effort to improve the collection of data: (a) development of a set of NA Industry Classification System codes; (b) collection & analysis of data on employment, output, and privately funded R&D; and (c) the reporting of federal R&D investment.

20. National Photonics Initiative (II) • A national photonics initiative would coordinate agency-level R&D investment and could provide partial support for other initiatives, including R&D consortia funded by federal and industry sources. • The committee believes that a number of experiments in coordinating across industry-government-academia in different fields is warranted. • One area that may be particularly ripe is data communications, now the focus of an initiative overseen by OSTP.

21. National Photonics Initiative • The committee recommends that the federal government develop an integrated initiative in optics and photonics • The photonics field is experiencing rapid technical progress and rapidly expanding applications that span a growing range of technologies, markets, and industries. • The NPI could provide matching funds for industry-led research consortia • A coordinated initiative in photonics is especially important in light of current budget constraints. • The development of better historical and current data collection and analysis is another task for which the NPI is well-suited.

22. 5 key photonics-driven fields Defense & National Security Energy Healthcare Communications Manufacturing

23. Raise awareness about photonics and the impact of photonics on our everyday lives. Increase collaboration and coordination among US industry, government and academia to advance photonics-driven fields. Drive US funding and investment in areas of photonics critical to maintaining competitiveness and national security. What are the Overall Goals?

24. Partners Founding Sponsors: Sponsors: Collaborators:

25. Importance of Education • Education plays a critically important role in ensuring a vibrant future in the fields of optics and photonics. • Many institutions outside the United States have invested heavily in excellent educational facilities. • The committee underscores the importance of maintaining a strong U.S. educational infrastructure in optics and photonics: • training of skilled technicians • ensuring that an adequate numbers of citizens can be hired by the defense industry • increasing the quality of skilled blue-collar workers 25

26. 1998 Table of Contents1. Optics in IT and Telecom2. Optics in Health Care and Life Sciences3. Optical Sensing, Lighting and Energy4. Optics in National Defense5. Optics in Industrial Manufacturing6. Manufacturing Optical Components and Systems7. Optics Research and Education

27. Word Photonics does not appear in Table of Contents in 1998No economic chapter in 1998 (1st chapter in 2013)Two manufacturing chaptersDefense Chapter became Defense and National Security reflecting post 9/11Energy is 6 pages in 1998 –chapter in 2013No education/research chapter in 2013

28. Summary • Optics and Photonics is a Huge Enabler • Influencing a significant fraction of the US economy • Often people do not realize the impact of O&P • Laser example showed $5B of lasers generated $7.5T of the US economy in 2009 and 2010 • Typical Google data center has > 1M lasers • A NPI should be developed to synergistically plan this impact • Many excellent job creating opportunities in O&P • International Year of Light- 2015