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Military Geology and the Apache Wars, South West United States

Military Geology and the Apache Wars, South West United States. Peter Doyle University College London doyle268@btinternet.com. Principles of Apache warfare. Security in movement Outnumber the enemy in open fights Fortify when static, even for short time Keep escape routes open

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Military Geology and the Apache Wars, South West United States

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  1. Military Geology and the Apache Wars, South West United States Peter Doyle University College London doyle268@btinternet.com

  2. Principles of Apache warfare • Security in movement • Outnumber the enemy in open fights • Fortify when static, even for short time • Keep escape routes open • Retreat on wide front • In retreat, deny resources to the enemy

  3. Terrain analysis and Hembrillo Basin Vantage Trafficability Tracks in valley bottoms, funneling effect of canyons Apache height advantage Ground engineering Resource provision Bedded limestone provides ample breastworking material Springs Apache controlled

  4. Slope configuration & fire pattern, Hembrillo Victorio Ridge W E Victorio’s Command Post Incoming from Carroll’s Ridge Apache positions Cross-fire covering Rock House Spring Prominent Limestone unit Carroll’s Ridge Apache Ridge Apache positions Long-range Apache sharpshooters 9th Cav. pinned down (6-7 April) - fire ineffective Regional dip: Permian limestones & mudrocks Not to scale Apache breastworks

  5. Conclusions • Vantage • Apache positions on ridge lines and hill tops provide superior vantage • Weapons specialists deployed in appropriate positions • Trafficability • Difficult mountain terrain famliar territory for Apache people over centuries; • escape routes covered and controlled • Ground engineering • Apache breastworks provide superb fire control • Water supply • Control of water supply significant issue in this battle

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