Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds

1. Chapter 4Formation of Compounds

2. Every macroscopic change in matter has a submicroscopic explanation…….there is a microscopic change at the atom level. • Scientist’s job is to observe and explain reactions on submicroscopic level. • WHAT IS A COMPOUND? • Chemical combination of two or more different • elements chemically joined in a fixed ratio.

3. IMPORTANT FAMILIAR COMPOUNDS • SALT (NaCl) • made up of Na and Cl NaCl • one of the most abundant natural cpds on earth • found in large solid underground deposits • dissolved in oceans • - essential nutrient in living things

4. Physical properties • white, solid at RT • cube like crystals • hard • brittle: shatters with pressure • very water soluble • conducts electricity in solution

5. Chemical Properties • very stable crystal • not highly reactive with other substances • can last for years in hard crystal form and remain same

6. Sodium (Na) Solid metal: silvery, white, soft reacts violently with water Must be stored under oil otherwise explodes never found in environment freely – always combined with another element Chlorine (Cl) gas: pale green , poisonous soluble in water used as disenfectant kills living cells one of most reactive elements Properties of NaCl’s Individual Elements

7. Do compounds have the same properties as the elements they are made of? • NO • Salt: solid, white, hard, stable, non metal • Sodium: silver, soft, very unstable and reactive solid metal • Chlorine: green, unstable, reactive gas

8. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) • Physical Properties • colorless gas • contained in small amounts in air • major compound in cellular respiration

9. Chemical properties • relatively stable • does not support burning (used in fire ext.) • major product of photosynthesis • change of state: solid to gas (sublimation) • ex: dry ice

10. Carbon non metal fairly unreactive at RT most abundant compound in living things clear, grey, black in color Oxygen non metal colorless, odorless, tasteless gas makes up about 21% of air supports burning gas slightly soluble in water (fish breathe) Properties of CO2 Components

11. WATER (H2O) • Physical properties • occurs in all three states of matter • 70% Of earth surface and humans mass • boiling point 100o C • freezing point 0o C • does not conduct electricity in pure state • universal solvent

12. Chemical Properties • stable, not highly reactive • doesn’t break down in normal conditions • main component of all chemical reactions on • earth and in body • main compound needed for life

13. Hydrogen lightest, most abundant element in universe non metal gas: odorless, tasteless, colorless does not conduct electricity slightly soluble in water very reactive: usually found in cpds. Oxygen nonmetal colorless, odorless, tasteless gas makes up about 21% of air supports burning gas slightly soluble in water Properties of Water’s Components

15. WE HAVE SEEN HOW COMPOUNDS CAN HAVE GREATLY DIFFERENT PROPERTIES THAN THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE THEM. • IN THE NEXT SECTION WE WILL EXAMINE SUBMICROSCOPICALLY WHY THIS IS THE CASE BY EXAMINING HOW THEIR ATOMS COMBINE • THE MANY DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF ELEMENTS DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUNDS THEY COMPRISE.

16. HOW ELEMENTS FORM COMPOUNDS • Compounds form when electrons collide with each other. • Which electrons are involved in reactions? • All atoms want to be stable by completing their valence shells.

17. Formula • combination of chemical symbols that show what elements make up a compound and the number of atoms of each element. • It also shows the ratio of each element to each other • Ex: NaCl (1 atom of each, always in same ratio) • 1:1 • H20 (2 atoms H, 1 atoms O, always in same ratio) • 2:1

18. How many atoms of each element are present in these compounds? • What is the ratio of elements to each other? • H2O2 • CO2 • C6 H12 O6 • HCO3 • K2S • FeO2 • Al2 O3

19. CHEMICAL BONDS • Chemical bond: process if joining atoms in a compound • Electrons are subatomic particles involved in bond • Goal of bond: to complete outer shell and become stable • To form a compound electrons: • - gain • - lose • - share

20. Atoms try to fill valence shell (orbital) to become stable H and He: need 2 valence electrons All other atoms: need 8 valence electrons - Metals lose electrons - Non metals gain electrons Bonding Basics

21. Octet Rule • Elements gain, lose, or share electrons to reach a full octet (8 valence electrons in the outer shell) • H and He (2 valence electrons) • Noble gas configuration • The state of an atom achieved by having the same valence electron configuration as the noble gases • Most stable electron configuration • All atoms try to achieve this configuration in forming compounds

22. Ionic: transfer of electron between metal and non metal metal gives electrons to non metal - ions formed strong magnetic attraction keeps compound together ION: charged atom IONIC COMPOUND: compound composed of ions of opposite charges Ionic compounds are neutral(+ and – charge cancel each other) TYPES OF BONDS

23. Ionic Bond and Ion Formation • Na has 11 protons and electrons Cl has 17 protons & electrons • (electronically neutral) (electronically neutral) • Na gives away its valence electron Cl accepts one electron • Na now has: 11 P (+) Cl now has: 17 P (+) • 10 e (-) 18 e (-) • ----------- ------------ • 1 more positive charge 1 more negative charge • Na is now an ion: Na + Cl is now an ion: Cl- • Since the new ionic compound has the same number of positive and • negative charges, the compound is electronically neutral

25. Drawing Ionic Compounds • Steps • Find number of valence electrons for each atom • (use periodic table) • Draw Lewis dot diagram for each atom (use X’s and O’s) • Determine which atoms lose or gain electrons • Draw Lewis diagram of compound • Check octet rule for each atom in compound

26. Draw Lewis Dot Structures for the following Ionic Compounds • MgF2 RbI Li2S • CsI GaF3 CaBr2 • KBr K2S BaCl2

27. Covalent: two non metals share electrons forms covalent compounds or molecules interparticular forces keep atoms together resulting molecule is neutral very strong bond TYPES OF BONDS

28. H is not found as a single atom naturally, it is usually found as H2 (diatomic molecule) WHY? H: group 1on per table - How many valence electrons? - Is that stable? IF ONE H ATOM GAVE ITS ELECTRON TO THE OTHER WOULD IT BE A STABLE? HOW DOES MOLECULE BECOME STABLE? Covalent Bonds and Molecule FormationH2

32. Difference between Ionic and Covalent Bonds

33. Multiple Covalent Bonds • MULTIPLE COVALENT BONDS • bonds with more than one shared pair of electrons • between two individual atoms

34. Double Bond two shared pairs of electrons between two atoms 4 total electrons stronger than single bond Multiple Covalent Bonds

36. Drawing Covalent Compounds • Steps • Determine number of valence electrons • Write the symbols to show neighboring atoms • Use electron pairs to form bonds • 4. Complete octets for each atom

37. Make Lewis dot structures for the following compounds: • O2 • H2Se • H2S • HCN

38. Triple Bond three shared pairs of electrons between two atoms 6 total electrons stronger than double bond Multiple Covalent Bonds

40. Review: Types of Covalent Bonds

41. 3. Hydrogen: weak bond between polar molecules polar molecule: has opposite charges on opposite ends TYPES OF BONDS

43. IONIC COMPOUNDS VS COVELANT COMPOUNDSIONIC COVALENT

45. Study for the test !