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The Shaping of North America: Mountains, Glaciers, and the Earliest Americans

This chapter explores the geography of North America, including the impact of mountains and glaciers on the landscape. It also delves into the peopling of the Americas, with a focus on pre-Columbian civilizations such as the Incas, Mayans, Aztecs, and the Moundbuilders. The chapter also discusses the agricultural-based societies in North America, including the Iroquois Confederacy. It concludes with the arrival of Europeans, including Christopher Columbus, and the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

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The Shaping of North America: Mountains, Glaciers, and the Earliest Americans

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  1. Chapter 1 New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.E.–1769 C.E.

  2. Figure 1-1a p5

  3. I. The Shaping of North America • The Geography of North America • Mountains • Glaciers

  4. I. The Mountains of North America

  5. Rocky Mountain National Park

  6. Smoky Mountain National Park

  7. Glaciers caused the North American landscape to be transformed.

  8. II. Peopling the Americas A land bridge connected Eurasia with North America

  9. III. THE EARLIEST AMERICANS(PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILIZATIONS) • The Incas of Peru • Mayans in Central America • Aztecs in Mexico • Moundbuilders in theOhio River Valley. • Mississippian settlement was at Cahokia. • Iroquois Confederacy in Eastern Great Lakes

  10. Agricultural Based Societies Three-sister farming Maize (corn) Beans Squash Early Peruvian Art

  11. Map 1-2 p9

  12. Incan Empires

  13. Mayan Empires p8

  14. Aztec Empire

  15. The Great Serpent Mound

  16. Cahokia (Mississippian Culture) p10

  17. IROQUOIS CONFEDERATION FLAG

  18. IV. Indirect Discoverers of the New World • Norse seafarers from Scandinavia (Vikings) • Newfoundland, spot called Vinland. • Confirmed • Polynesian Contact ?

  19. VikingExploration

  20. V. Europeans Enter Africa • Crusades and the ‘riches’ of the East • Marco Polo travels to the East • Portuguese explore Sub-Saharan Africa • Plantation system founded • Slave trade started

  21. p12

  22. Map 1-3 p11

  23. Goree Island Slave Fortress p13

  24. Door of No Return p13

  25. VI. Columbus Comes upon a New World • Christopher Columbus supported by Spanish • Ships landed on an island in the Bahamas • Columbus called the native peoples “Indians.” • A new global economic system emerged • “The Columbian Exchange”

  26. VII. When Worlds Collide The Columbian exchange Figure 1-2 p14

  27. VIII. The Spanish Conquistadores • “God, gold, and glory” motivated many • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided “New World” between Spain and Portugal

  28. p7

  29. Map 1-4 p16

  30. Map 1-5 p17

  31. IX. The Conquest of Mexico • Herman Cortés goal to capture Aztec capital (Tenochtitlan) • Moctezuma attacks, noche triste (sad night) • Cortés and Spanish win • Spanish and Indians intermarry • Create distinctive mestizos culture

  32. Tenochtitlan (Aztec Capital) p20

  33. p21

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