Anticipation, Aesthetics, and Innovation. Loom, Kinetoscope, Piano ATEC 6331.001 02-09-2009

1. Anticipation, Aesthetics, and Innovation. Loom, Kinetoscope, Piano ATEC 6331.001 02-09-2009 Xiaowen Wang

2. The Loom: Early Stages • One of the earliest loom is the peg loom, or also known as ground loom. Used around 5,000 B.C. • It consists of two pegs driven into the ground, between them is a bar that holds up the threads creating the warp. • Warp is the vertical threads. (Now horizontal on modern loom.)‏ • Weft is the thread that goes either over or under the warp.

3. The Loom : Development • 1606 – Claud Dangon warping frame loom. • 1700s (early) – Devices added to lift individual warp threads, allowing complex pattern and textures. • 1782 – Frenchman Falcon suggests using perforated cards to store cloth pattern. • 1706 – Edmund Cartwright constructs the first mechanical loom. • 1801 – French inventor Joseph Marie Jaquard completes his pattern loom. • 1822 – Richard Robert designs a complete automatic loom • American Bigelow and Northrop develops the power loom for carpet weaving.

4. Kinetoscope: The Beginning • Human brain perceives motion when pictures in rapid sequence are flashed at 15 or more frames per second. • 1860, sequential photographs were produced • 1877, Eadweard Muybridge attempted to prove that all four of horses hoof leaves the ground when it gallops • 24 cameras took sequential photos of the horse and proved his theory.

5. Kinetoscope: Development • George Eastman dvelops stripes of flexible celluloid camera film with high exposure rate. • Thomas Edison and collaborators combined everything together to produce a Kinetoscope. • Kinetoscope is a device that advances a strip of film, frame by frame in rapid succession to produce the illusion of fluid motion.

6. The Piano: Early Stages • Pianos originates from the zither, an instrument from the Bronze Age. • Strings are stretched between two sticks and played by plucking. • The zither develops with a resonating chamber by the Greeks. • The first zither arrives in Europe around 11th century. • From the zithers, dulcimers are developed, with the concept of strings struck by hammers. • Clavichord then follows in 1404. • The virginal around the 1600s, expanding the octaves. • Followed by spinet and the harpsichord.

7. Piano: Development • Due to lack of dynamic control of individual notes, the piano is born. • Constructed by Cristofori, the keeper of instruments at the Florentine court in 18th century. • The new instrument is described as a harpsichord with soft and loud.

8. Loom: Aesthetic expressions • Rugs with complex design • Fabric with rich textile

9. Loom: Aesthetic expressions • Color and pattern expressed in fashion design • Interior design to suit personal aesthetic taste

10. Kinetoscope: Aesthetic expressions • Muybridge Film –The Horse • Edison's first Film -Sneezes • Modern cinema – Television series, Featured films, and Documentary films. v

11. Piano: Aesthetic expressions • Works of Scarlatti with new instruments. • Hapsichord - Scarlatti's piece on harpsichord • Piano - Scarlatti's piece on piano • After the piano comes the romantic era- Chopin piano concerto No.2

12. References • Humphries, Carl, “The Piano Handbook”, Outline Press Ltd, 2002, London, England. • Travers, Bridget. Muhr, Jeffrey, World of Invention,1994, Gale Research Inc. Detroit MI, pages 387 – 388, 537-538 • Eco, Umberto, Zorzoli, G.B., The Picture History of Inventions, Casa editrice Valentino Bompiani & C. Milano, 1961. Printed in Italy. • Images from various googled source. • Music/videos from Youtube.com