What are the properties of water that make it essential for life?

1. Universal solvent High Specific Heat Cohesion/Adhesion Density of ice less than liquid What are the properties of water that make it essential for life? Takes more energy to raise the temp of water than other substances. Oceans and lakes help us regulate climate High Specific Heat Attraction of water molecules to other water molecules, like what happens on the cuticle of a leaf when droplets form cohesion Attraction to - oxygen of one water molecule to + hydrogen of another…this is why we have such unique properties as cohesion, high specific heat, etc.) Hydrogen bonding Ice is less dense and floats. Helps maintain water levels and ecosystems Explain density of ice vs. liquid water. Why is this important?

2. What are the 4 types of biological macromolecules? Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids DNA and RNA ( genetic material) make up which macromolecule group? Nucleic Acids What is the main role of carbohydrates? Store energy What macromolecule makes up most of our cell membrane? lipids Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant? In the leaves ( sugars are moved to storage afterwards by the phloem)

3. What are the Elements that make up amino acids (monomers of proteins)? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen ( and sometimes Sulfur) Carbs are made of C,H,and O. For every carbon and oxygen, there is twice the # of Hydrogen Ex: glucose monomer C6H12O6 Explain the 1:2:1 ratio of carbohydrates Many functions, such as catalysts ( enzymes) , transporting materials, building muscle filaments Describe the roles of proteins What are the monomer units of proteins? Amino Acids (made of C,H,O,N) They decrease activation energy in order to speed up chemical reactions by binding substrates and weaking the bonds Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts

4. What macromolecule group consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base? Nucleic Acids Name the 3 types of plant tissues Dermal, ground, vascular What are four factors that affect enzyme activity? Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration Enzymes work as a lock and key to substrates, and are SPECIFIC. High temperature, for example, can denature ( unfold) and enzyme and cause it to become inactive How is shape important for enzyme function? They change shape in response to turgor pressure/envt factors to regulate the opening and closing of the stomata What is the role of the guard cells?

5. Xylem transports water and nutrients up the plant; phloem transports sugars for storage down from the leaves Describe the vascular system of a plant to attract pollinators so that reproduction can occur What is the role of petals in a flower? Anther produces pollen, filament supports anther so pollinators can access it. Describe the 2 male parts of the flower stamen Pistil: consists of 3 parts, the stigma, style, and ovary Stigma captures pollen, moves it down the style into the ovary Describe the female parts of the flower the flow and evaporation of water through a plant. Water is absorbed by the roots, moves up the xylem, and exits through the stomata of the leaves What is transpiration? Describe the pathway of water as it enters and exits the plant