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Overview

Overview. Overview. H 2 O. Glycolysis. FIRST step in converting the energy in food into ATP. Occurs in ALL organisms. Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. Go to Activity 6B (link to book). John Kyrk Anim. Glycolysis.

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Overview

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  1. Overview

  2. Overview H2O

  3. Glycolysis • FIRST step in converting the energy in food into ATP. • Occurs in ALL organisms. • Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. • Go to Activity 6B (link to book)

  4. John Kyrk Anim

  5. Glycolysis • Summary - In glycolysis glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules. Although not shown 2 ATP are needed to get things started and 4 come out so in the end there is only a net gain of 2 ATP

  6. Overview

  7. Kreb Cycle • This cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. • It turns Acetyl-CoA into CO2. In doing so it generates a pool of chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2). • Go to Activity 6C

  8. Moving to the Mitochondria / Grooming of the pyruvate • The pyruvate must move from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria for the Kreb Cycle. • As it moves it loses carbon dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, a 2-carbon molecule. • This process creates NADH.

  9. Kreb Cycle

  10. Kreb Cycle

  11. Kreb Cycle

  12. Overview

  13. Oxidative Phosphorylation • The pool of chemical energy created by glycolysis and the Kreb Cycle now moves to the inner mitochondrial membrane. (the squiggly line inside of a mitochondria.) • Go to Activity 6D

  14. Oxidative Phosphorylation Need Content filter ATP Synthase Click on the picture to see it in action…

  15. 0 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 • Travel down the electron transport chain to oxygen, which picks up H+ to form water • NADH is oxidized as the first protein complex is reduced • FADH2 is oxidized while the first electron carrier is reduced. • Energy released by the redox reactions • Is used to pump H+ into the space between the mitochondrial membranes (active transport)

  16. Each FADH2 produces a max of 2 ATP. Each NADH produces a max of 3 ATP. Click on the picture to see it in action…

  17. The Final Acceptor • One oxygen atom will accept two electrons and form water with two hydrogen. ATPSynthase Turbine Overall Video CH 25

  18. Oxidative Phosphorylationin four steps • Electron carrying molecules release e- • NADH  protein complex 1 • FADH2 electron carrier 1 • H+ ions from matrix are actively transported by pumps across the membrane into the inter membrane space. • e- are transported to Oxygen to form water • Chemiosmosis allows H+ ions to diffuse through ATP synthase in order to create ATP

  19. Poisons

  20. Overview

  21. Review CR • Each molecule of glucose yields up to 38 molecules of ATP • Each NADH molecule produces 3 ATP • Each FADH2molecule produces 2 ATP Total 10 NADH =30 2 FADH2 =4 4 ATP produced in steps 1 and 2 38

  22. ATP Totals for Cellular Respiration • May vary depending on which carrier picks up electrons from glycolysis to the inside of the mitochondrion • 38 is the maximum only

  23. Go back to your overview & add

  24. Fermentation • Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration • Under anaerobic conditions (AKA in the absence of Oxygen), many kinds of cells can use glycolysis alone to produce small amounts of ATP • Go to Activity 6E

  25. Fermentation

  26. NADH NAD+ 2 NAD+ NADH 2 2 2 GLYCOLYSIS 2 ADP + 2 CO2 released 2 P 2 ATP 2 Ethanol Glucose 2 Pyruvate Alcohol fermentation 0 • NADH is oxidized to NAD+ while converting pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol

  27. 2 2 NADH 2 2 NAD+ NADH NAD+ GLYCOLYSIS P 2 ADP + 2 ATP 2 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate Glucose Lactic acid fermentation 0 • NADH is oxidized to NAD+ as pyruvate is reduced to lactate

  28. Food, such aspeanuts Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Sugars Fatty acids Amino acids Glycerol Aminogroups OXIDATIVEPHOSPHORYLATION(Electron Transportand Chemiosmosis) CITRICACIDCYCLE AcetylCoA Pyruvate Glucose G3P GLYCOLYSIS ATP Molecular Breakdown And Synthesis 0 • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all fuel cellular respiration when they are converted to the right molecules • Some begin with glycolysis while others the citric acid cycle

  29. Cellular Energy 0 • All organisms can harvest energy from organic molecules • Plants, but not animals can also make these molecules from inorganic sources by the process of photosynthesis • The fuel for respiration ultimately comes from photosynthesis

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