Personality

1. Personality

2. Personality • Per sonare to speak through • Persona an actor’s mask • Persona grata an acceptable person • Persona non grata an unacceptable person

3. Personality • Personality “refers to the psychological qualities that influence an individual’s characteristic behavior patterns in a broadly distinctive and consistent manner, across different situation and through time • The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others • Striking and habitual features of a person’s behavior

4. Content of Personality Personality=an individual personal identity, assumed roles • Peripherical components: limited and subject to change • Central components: core identity, more enduring, characteristic • Stability and consistency: less agree about which component of personality are consistent and enduring

5. Determinants of Personality If we know how it develops, we will be in a stronger position to change it Influences on personality: • Environment • Biological determinants affect it’s functioning • Heredity fixes the limits of its’ development • Development takes places throughout life

6. Traits • Consistently found dimensions of thinking, behavior and feeling • Allow individuals to be placed in a continuum with respect to different traits (e.g., introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability) • A trait is a temporally stable, cross situational individual difference.

7. Reserved VS Less intelligent Affected by feelings Submissive Serious Expedient Timid Tough-minded Trusting Practical Forthright Self-assured Conservative Group-dependent Uncontrolled Relaxed Outgoing More intelligent Emotionally stable Dominant Happy-go-lucky Conscientious Venturesome Sensitive Suspicious Imaginative Shrewd Apprehensive Experimenting Self-sufficient Controlled Tense Sixteen Primary Personality Traits

8. Personality Type Approach Myers-Briggs A person has: „primary” and second choice „auxiliary” • introvert (I) or extravert (E); • sensing (S) or intuition (N); • thinking (T) or feeling (F); and two choices as to which function is used in the outer world, • judgment (J) -tend to set schedules and organize your life-, or • perception (P)- tend to leave the options open and see what happens- Hence there are 2x2x2x2=16 different MBTI personality types, as shown • ENTP ENFP ESTP ESFP • ENTJ ENFJ ESTJ ESFJ • INTP INFP ISTP ISFP • INTJ INFJ ISTJ ISFJ

9. The Big Five Model • Classifications • Extroversion • Emotional Stability • Openness to Experience • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness

10. The Big Five • Calm/Anxious • Secure/Insecure Emotional Stability • Sociable/Retiring • Fun Loving/Sober Extraversion • Imaginative/Practical • Independent/Conforming Openness • Soft-Hearted/Ruthless • Trusting/Suspicious Agreeableness • Organized/Disorganized • Careful/Careless Conscientiousness

11. Introversion Vs. Extraversion

12. Confidence(Emotional Stability)

13. Detail-conscious

14. Tough-minded

15. Conforming

16. Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB • Locus of Control • Machiavellianism • Self-Esteem • Self-Monitoring • Risk Taking • Type A and Type B Personalities

17. Locus of Control • The degree to which people believe they are in control of their own fate • Internals • Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them • Externals • Individuals who believe that what happens to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance

18. Machiavellianism • Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means

19. Self-Esteem • Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking of themselves

20. Self-Monitoring • A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external situational factors

21. Risk-Taking • Refers to a person’s willingness to take chances or risks

22. Type A Personality • Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly. • Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place. • Strive to think or do two or more things at once. • Cannot cope with leisure time. • Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

23. Type B Personality • Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience. • Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation. • Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost. • Can relax without guilt.

24. Measurement • • Assessments can be structured or unstructured – Structured - long list of questions answered by the person. – MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality • Inventory - 550 questions directed at 10 scales (subtests) each measuring a different aspect of personality • MMPI • Items on this test were selected because the item distinguished between “normal” and hospitalized psychiatric patients . Assumption is that psychiatric patients were just extreme examples of a continuum of different personality types.

25. MMPI Examples • – Depression - “I often feel that life is not worth living” • – Paranoia - “Several people are following me everywhere” • – Schizophrenia - “I seem to hear things that other people cannot hear” • – Psychopathic deviance - “I often was in trouble in school although I did not understand for what reasons. • – “I sometimes gossip with other people”

26. Unstructured personality tests • • Projective techniques - present ambiguous stimulus and individual will “project” some kind of structure that reflects underlying psychological characteristics • • Free association • • Rorschach Inkblot tests • • Thematic Apperception Test

27. Group Exercise • Break off into grps of 5 or 6 • Identify personality characteristics associated with high performance teams and justify your choice. • Identify personality ch. That hinder high performance teams and justify. • A team with similar or dissimilar traits. Which is better and why?