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Values as the Foundation for Virtues

James MacGregor Burns' Summary.

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Values as the Foundation for Virtues

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    1. Values as the Foundation for Virtues The Unexamined Life is not Worth Living. Socrates (c. 470-399 b.c.e.)

    2. James MacGregor Burns’ Summary “Values are power resources for a leadership that would transform society for the fuller realization of the highest moral purposes.” “The mobilizing and kindling power of transforming values is the most essential and durable factor in leadership.” “Values --- operationalized, claimed as rights, empowering leaders and followers --- are weapons.”

    3. Definitions What is right, worthwhile or desirable. Principles or standards. What is important. Criteria for selecting actions. Foundations for making choices. Context for actions. Virtues are actions that are performed against the backdrop of values.

    4. Clusters of Values All actions and choices are value-laden. Changeable --- space, time, circumstances. Personal --- individual. Professional --- commitment to a profession. Instrumental (Means to an end). Goals (Teleological).

    5. Groups of Values Universal Religious Cultural Transcultural National Political Legal Economic

    6. Hierarchy of Values Historical. Anchoring the present. Transcending the past. Security a constant. Pluralistic world. Democracy --- self determination. Supreme values --- security, liberty [ordered liberty], equality, justice, community.

    7. Leaders and Followers Unified by sharing similar values expressed in hopes, wants, needs. Transformational dynamic. Isomorphic sharing of values ? stability. Separation of values ? change of leadership. “The stronger the value systems, the more strongly leaders can be empowered.”

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